1. Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
2. Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN), Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
3. GRASP Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
4. Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
5. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.