Tri-branched gels: Rubbery materials with the lowest branching factor approach the ideal elastic limit

Abstract

Unlike hard materials such as metals and ceramics, rubbery materials can endure large deformations due to the large conformational degree of freedom of the cross-linked polymer network. However, the effect of the network’s branching factor on the ultimate mechanical properties has not yet been clarified. This study shows that tri-branching, which entails the lowest branching factor, results in a large elastic deformation near the theoretical upper bound. This ideal elastic limit is realized by reversible strain-induced crystallization, providing on-demand reinforcement. The enhanced reversible strain-induced crystallization is observed in the tri-branched and not in the tetra-branched network. A mathematical theory of structural rigidity is used to explain the difference in the chain orientation. Although tetra-branched polymers have been preferred since the development of vulcanization, these findings highlighting the merits of tri-branching will prompt a paradigm shift in the development of rubbery materials.