1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA.
2. Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), 6100 Main Street, MS 6398, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
4. Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
5. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
6. Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.