Sexually divergent development of depression-related brain networks during healthy human adolescence

Author:

Dorfschmidt Lena1ORCID,Bethlehem Richard A.1ORCID,Seidlitz Jakob234ORCID,Váša František5ORCID,White Simon R.1ORCID,Romero-García Rafael1ORCID,Kitzbichler Manfred G.1ORCID,Aruldass Athina R.1ORCID,Morgan Sarah E.167ORCID,Goodyer Ian M.1,Fonagy Peter8ORCID,Jones Peter B.19ORCID,Dolan Ray J.1011ORCID,Harrison Neil A.1213ORCID,Vértes Petra E.1ORCID,Bullmore Edward T.1ORCID,

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.

2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

3. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

4. Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

5. Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.

6. The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK.

7. Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.

8. Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.

9. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Huntingdon PE29 3RJ, UK.

10. Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology.

11. Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, UK.

12. Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex Campus, Brighton BN1 9RY, UK.

13. Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.

Abstract

Sexual differences in human brain development could be relevant to sex differences in the incidence of depression during adolescence. We tested for sex differences in parameters of normative brain network development using fMRI data on N = 298 healthy adolescents, aged 14 to 26 years, each scanned one to three times. Sexually divergent development of functional connectivity was located in the default mode network, limbic cortex, and subcortical nuclei. Females had a more “disruptive” pattern of development, where weak functional connectivity at age 14 became stronger during adolescence. This fMRI-derived map of sexually divergent brain network development was robustly colocated with i prior loci of reward-related brain activation ii a map of functional dysconnectivity in major depressive disorder (MDD), and iii an adult brain gene transcriptional pattern enriched for genes on the X chromosome, neurodevelopmental genes, and risk genes for MDD. We found normative sexual divergence in adolescent development of a cortico-subcortical brain functional network that is relevant to depression.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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