A molecular switch controls assembly of bacterial focal adhesions

Abstract

Cell motility universally relies on spatial regulation of focal adhesion complexes (FAs) connecting the substrate to cellular motors. In bacterial FAs, the Adventurous gliding motility machinery (Agl-Glt) assembles at the leading cell pole following a Mutual gliding-motility protein (MglA)–guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) gradient along the cell axis. Here, we show that GltJ, a machinery membrane protein, contains cytosolic motifs binding MglA-GTP and AglZ and recruiting the MreB cytoskeleton to initiate movement toward the lagging cell pole. In addition, MglA-GTP binding triggers a conformational shift in an adjacent GltJ zinc-finger domain, facilitating MglB recruitment near the lagging pole. This prompts GTP hydrolysis by MglA, leading to complex disassembly. The GltJ switch thus serves as a sensor for the MglA-GTP gradient, controlling FA activity spatially.