Pathophysiology of reinfection by exogenous HSV-1 is driven by heparanase dysfunction

Abstract

Limited knowledge exists on exogenous DNA virus reinfections. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a prototype DNA virus, causes multiple human diseases including vision-threatening eye infections. While reinfection with an exogenous HSV-1 strain is considered plausible, little is known about the underlying mechanisms governing its pathophysiology in a host. Heparanase (HPSE), a host endoglycosidase, when up-regulated by HSV-1 infection dictates local inflammatory response by destabilizing tissue architecture. Here, we demonstrate that HSV-1 reinfection in mice causes notable pathophysiology in wild-type controls compared to the animals lacking HPSE. The endoglycosidase promotes infected cell survival and supports a pro-disease environment. In contrast, lack of HPSE strengthens intrinsic immunity by promoting cytokine expression, inducing necroptosis of infected cells, and decreasing leukocyte infiltration into the cornea. Collectively, we report that immunity from a recent prior infection fails to abolish disease manifestation during HSV-1 reinfection unless HPSE is rendered inactive.