1. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
2. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 Northeast Boat Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
3. Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
4. Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
5. Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.