A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands
Author:
Wymant Chris1ORCID, Bezemer Daniela2ORCID, Blanquart François34ORCID, Ferretti Luca1ORCID, Gall Astrid5ORCID, Hall Matthew1ORCID, Golubchik Tanya1ORCID, Bakker Margreet6, Ong Swee Hoe7ORCID, Zhao Lele1ORCID, Bonsall David18ORCID, de Cesare Mariateresa8ORCID, MacIntyre-Cockett George18, Abeler-Dörner Lucie1ORCID, Albert Jan910ORCID, Bannert Norbert11, Fellay Jacques121314ORCID, Grabowski M. Kate15ORCID, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer Barbara16, Günthard Huldrych F.1718ORCID, Kivelä Pia19ORCID, Kouyos Roger D.1718, Laeyendecker Oliver20ORCID, Meyer Laurence21ORCID, Porter Kholoud22ORCID, Ristola Matti19ORCID, van Sighem Ard2ORCID, Berkhout Ben6, Kellam Paul2324ORCID, Cornelissen Marion625ORCID, Reiss Peter226, Fraser Christophe18ORCID, Aubert V., Battegay M., Bernasconi E., Böni J., Braun D. L., Bucher H. C., Burton-Jeangros C., Calmy A., Cavassini M., Dollenmaier G., Egger M., Elzi L., Fehr J., Fellay J., Furrer H., Fux C. A., Gorgievski M., Günthard H., Haerry D., Hasse B., Hirsch H. H., Hoffmann M., Hösli I., Kahlert C., Kaiser L., Keiser O., Klimkait T., Kouyos R., Kovari H., Ledergerber B., Martinetti G., de Tejada B. Martinez, Marzolini C., Metzner K., Müller N., Nadal D., Nicca D., Pantaleo G., Rauch A., Regenass S., Rudin C., Schöni-Affolter F., Schmid P., Speck R., Stöckle M., Tarr P., Trkola A., Vernazza P., Weber R., Yerly S., van der Valk M., Geerlings S. E., Goorhuis A., Hovius J. W., Lempkes B., Nellen F. J. B., van der Poll T., Prins J. M., Reiss P., van Vugt M., Wiersinga W. J., Wit F. W. M. N., van Duinen M., van Eden J., Hazenberg A., van Hes A. M. H., Pijnappel F. J. J., Smalhout S. Y., Weijsenfeld A. M., Jurriaans S., Back N. K. T., Zaaijer H. L., Berkhout B., Cornelissen M. T. E., Schinkel C. J., Wolthers K. C., Peters E. J. G., van Agtmael M. A., Autar R. S., Bomers M., Sigaloff K. C. E., Heitmuller M., Laan L. M., Ang C. W., van Houdt R., Jonges M., Kuijpers T. W., Pajkrt D., Scherpbier H. J., de Boer C., van der Plas A., van den Berge M., Stegeman A., Baas S., Hage de Looff L., Buiting A., Reuwer A., Veenemans J., Wintermans B., Pronk M. J. H., Ammerlaan H. S. M., van den Bersselaar D. N. J., de Munnik E. S., Deiman B., Jansz A. R., Scharnhorst V., Tjhie J., Wegdam M. C. A., van Eeden A., Nellen J., Brokking W., Elsenburg L. J. M., Nobel H., van Kasteren M. E. E., Berrevoets M. A. H., Brouwer A. E., Adams A., van Erve R., de Kruijf-van de Wiel B. A. F. M., Keelan-Phaf S., van de Ven B., van der Ven B., Buiting A. G. M., Murck J. L., de Vries-Sluijs T. E. M. S., Bax H. I., van Gorp E. C. M., de Jong-Peltenburg N. C., de Mendonç̧a Melo M., van Nood E., Nouwen J. L., Rijnders B. J. A., Rokx C., Schurink C. A. M., Slobbe L., Verbon A., Bassant N., van Beek J. E. A., Vriesde M., van Zonneveld L. M., de Groot J., Boucher C. A. B., Koopmans M. P. G., van Kampen J. J. A., Fraaij P. L. A., van Rossum A. M. C., Vermont C. L., van der Knaap L. C., Visser E., Branger J., Douma R. A., Cents-Bosma A. S., Duijf-van de Ven C. J. H. M., Schippers E. F., van Nieuwkoop C., van Ijperen J. M., Geilings J., van der Hut G., van Burgel N. D., Leyten E. M. S., Gelinck L. B. S., Mollema F., Davids-Veldhuis S., Tearno C., Wildenbeest G. S., Heikens E., Groeneveld P. H. P., Bouwhuis J. W., Lammers A. J. J., Kraan S., van Hulzen A. G. W., Kruiper M. S. M., van der Bliek G. L., Bor P. C. J., Debast S. B., Wagenvoort G. H. J., Kroon F. P., de Boer M. G. J., Jolink H., Lambregts M. M. C., Roukens A. H. E., Scheper H., Dorama W., van Holten N., Claas E. C. J., Wessels E., den Hollander J. G., El Moussaoui R., Pogany K., Brouwer C. J., Smit J. V., Struik-Kalkman D., van Niekerk T., Pontesilli O., Lowe S. H., Oude Lashof A. M. L., Posthouwer D., van Wolfswinkel M. E., Ackens R. P., Burgers K., Schippers J., Weijenberg-Maes B., van Loo I. H. M., Havenith T. R. A., van Vonderen M. G. A., Kampschreur L. M., Faber S., Steeman-Bouma R., Al Moujahid A., Kootstra G. J., Delsing C. E., van der Burg-van de Plas M., Scheiberlich L., Kortmann W., van Twillert G., Renckens R., Ruiter-Pronk D., van Truijen-Oud F. A., Cohen Stuart J. W. T., Jansen ER., Hoogewerf M., Rozemeijer W., van der Reijden W. A., Sinnige J. C., Brinkman K., van den Berk G. E. L., Blok W. L., Lettinga K. D., de Regt M., Schouten W. E. M., Stalenhoef J. E., Veenstra J., Vrouenraets S. M. E., Blaauw H., Geerders G. F., Kleene M. J., Kok M., Knapen M., van der Meché I. B., Mulder-Seeleman E., Toonen A. J. M., Wijnands S., Wttewaal E., Kwa D., van Crevel R., van Aerde K., Dofferhoff A. S. M., Henriet S. S. V., ter Hofstede H. J. M., Hoogerwerf J., Keuter M., Richel O., Albers M., Grintjes-Huisman K. J. T., de Haan M., Marneef M., Strik-Albers R., Rahamat-Langendoen J., Stelma F. F., Burger D., Gisolf E. H., Hassing R. J., Claassen M., ter Beest G., van Bentum P. H. M., Langebeek N., Tiemessen R., Swanink C. M. A., van Lelyveld S. F. L., Soetekouw R., van der Prijt L. M. M., van der Swaluw J., Bermon N., van der Reijden W. A., Jansen R., Herpers B. L., Veenendaal D., Verhagen D. W. M., Lauw F. N., van Broekhuizen M. C., van Wijk M., Bierman W. F. W., Bakker M., Kleinnijenhuis J., Kloeze E., Middel A., Postma D. F., Schölvinck E. H., Stienstra Y., Verhage A. R., Wouthuyzen-Bakker M., Boonstra A., de Groot-de Jonge H., van der Meulen P. A., de Weerd D. A., Niesters H. G. M., van Leer-Buter C. C., Knoester M., Hoepelman A. I. M., Arends J. E., Barth R. E., Bruns A. H. W., Ellerbroek P. M., Mudrikova T., Oosterheert J. J., Schadd E. M., van Welzen B. J., Aarsman K., Griffioen-van Santen B. M. G., de Kroon I., van Berkel M., van Rooijen C. S. A. M., Schuurman R., Verduyn-Lunel F., Wensing A. M. J., Bont L. J., Geelen S. P. M., Loeffen Y. G. T., Wolfs T. F. W., Nauta N., Rooijakkers E. O. W., Holtsema H., Voigt R., van de Wetering D., Alberto A., van der Meer I., Rosingh A., Halaby T., Zaheri S., Boyd A. C., Bezemer D. O., van Sighem A. I., Smit C., Hillebregt M., de Jong A., Woudstra T., Bergsma D., Meijering R., van de Sande L., Rutkens T., van der Vliet S., de Groot L., van den Akker M., Bakker Y., El Berkaoui A., Bezemer M., Brétin N., Djoechro E., Groters M., Kruijne E., Lelivelt K. J., Lodewijk C., Lucas E., Munjishvili L., Paling F., Peeck B., Ree C., Regtop R., Ruijs Y., Schoorl M., Schnörr P., Scheigrond A., Tuijn E., Veenenberg L., Visser K. M., Witte E. C., Ruijs Y., Van Frankenhuijsen Maartje, Allegre Thierry, Makhloufi Djamila, Livrozet Jean-Michel, Chiarello Pierre, Godinot Mathieu, Brunel-Dalmas Florence, Gibert Sylvie, Trepo Christian, Peyramond Dominique, Miailhes Patrick, Koffi Joseph, Thoirain Valérie, Brochier Corinne, Baudry Thomas, Pailhes Sylvie, Lafeuillade Alain, Philip Gisèle, Hittinger Gilles, Assi Assi, Lambry Véronique, Rosenthal Eric, Naqvi Alissa, Dunais Brigitte, Cua Eric, Pradier Christian, Durant Jacques, Joulie Aline, Quinsat Denis, Tempesta Serge, Ravaux Isabelle, Martin Isabelle Poizot, Faucher Olivia, Cloarec Nicolas, Champagne Hélène, Pichancourt Gilles, Morlat Philippe, Pistone Thierry, Bonnet Fabrice, Mercie Patrick, Faure Isabelle, Hessamfar Mojgan, Malvy Denis, Lacoste Denis, Pertusa Marie-Carmen, Vandenhende Marie-Anne, Bernard Noëlle, Paccalin François, Martell Cédric, Roger-Schmelz Julien, Receveur Marie-Catherine, Duffau Pierre, Dondia Denis, Ribeiro Emmanuel, Caltado Sabrina, Neau Didier, Dupont Michel, Dutronc Hervé, Dauchy Frédéric, Cazanave Charles, Vareil Marc-Olivier, Wirth Gaétane, Le Puil Séverine, Pellegrin Jean-Luc, Raymond Isabelle, Viallard Jean-François, Chaigne de Lalande Severin, Garipuy Daniel, Delobel Pierre, Obadia Martine, Cuzin Lise, Alvarez Muriel, Biezunski Noemie, Porte Lydie, Massip Patrice, Debard Alexa, Balsarin Florence, Lagarrigue Myriam, Prevoteau du Clary François, Aquilina Christian, Reynes Jacques, Baillat Vincent, Merle Corinne, Lemoing Vincent, Atoui Nadine, Makinson Alain, Jacquet Jean Marc, Psomas Christina, Tramoni Christine, Aumaitre Hugues, Saada Mathieu, Medus Marie, Malet Martine, Eden Aurélia, Neuville Ségolène, Ferreyra Milagros, Sotto Albert, Barbuat Claudine, Rouanet Isabelle, Leureillard Didier, Mauboussin Jean-Marc, Lechiche Catherine, Donsesco Régine, Cabie André, Abel Sylvie, Pierre-Francois Sandrine, Batala Anne-Sophie, Cerland Christophe, Rangom Camille, Theresine Nadine, Hoen Bruno, Lamaury Isabelle, Fabre Isabelle, Schepers Kinda, Curlier Elodie, Ouissa Rachida, Gaud Catherine, Ricaud Carole, Rodet Roland, Wartel Guillaume, Sautron Carmele, Beck-Wirth Geneviève, Michel Catherine, Beck Charles, Halna Jean-Michel, Kowalczyk Jakub, Benomar Meryem, Drobacheff-Thiebaut Christine, Chirouze Catherine, Faucher Jean-François, Parcelier François, Foltzer Adeline, Haffner-Mauvais Cécile, Hustache Mathieu Mathieu, Proust Aurélie, Piroth Lionel, Chavanet Pascal, Duong Michel, Buisson Marielle, Waldner Anne, Mahy Sophie, Gohier Sandrine, Croisier Delphine, May Thierry, Delestan Mikael, Andre Marie, Zadeh Mahsa Mohseni, Martinot Martin, Rosolen Béatrice, Pachart Anne, Martha Benoît, Jeunet Noëlle, Rey David, Cheneau Christine, Partisani Maria, Priester Michèle, Bernard-Henry Claudine, Batard Marie-Laure, Fischer Patricia, Berger Jean-Luc, Kmiec Isabelle, Robineau Olivier, Huleux Thomas, Ajana Faïza, Alcaraz Isabelle, Allienne Christophe, Baclet Véronique, Meybeck Agnès, Valette Michel, Viget Nathalie, Aissi Emmanuelle, Biekre Raphael, Cornavin Pauline, Merrien Dominique, Seghezzi Jean-Christophe, Machado Moise, Diab Georges, Raffi François, Bonnet Bénédicte, Allavena Clotilde, Grossi Olivier, Reliquet Véronique, Billaud Eric, Brunet Cecile, Bouchez Sabelline, Morineau-Le Houssine Pascale, Sauser Fabienne, Boutoille David, Besnier Michel, Hue Hervé, Hall Nolwenn, Brosseau Delphine, Souala Faouzi, Michelet Christian, Tattevin Pierre, Arvieux Cédric, Revest Matthieu, Leroy Helene, Chapplain Jean-Marc, Dupont Matthieu, Fily Fabien, Patra-Delo Solène, Lefeuvre Céline, Bernard Louis, Bastides Frédéric, Nau Pascale, Verdon Renaud, de la Blanchardiere Arnaud, Martin Anne, Feret Philippe, Geffray Loïk, Daniel Corinne, Rohan Jennifer, Fialaire Pascale, Chennebault Jean Marie, Rabier Valérie, Abgueguen Pierre, Rehaiem Sami, Luycx Odile, Niault Mathilde, Moreau Philippe, Poinsignon Yves, Goussef Marie, Mouton-Rioux Virginie, Houlbert Dominique, Alvarez-Huve Sandrine, Barbe Frédérique, Haret Sophie, Perre Philippe, Leantez-Nainville Sophie, Esnault Jean-Luc, Guimard Thomas, Suaud Isabelle, Girard Jean-Jacques, Simonet Véronique, Debab Yasmine, Schmit Jean-Luc, Jacomet Christine, Weinberck Pierre, Genet Claire, Pinet Pauline, Ducroix Sophie, Durox Hélène, Denes Éric, Abraham Bruno, Gourdon Florence, Antoniotti Odile, Molina Jean-Michel, Ferret Samuel, Lascoux-Combe Caroline, Lafaurie Matthieu, Colin de Verdiere Nathalie, Ponscarme Diane, De Castro Nathalie, Aslan Alexandre, Rozenbaum Willy, Pintado Claire, Clavel François, Taulera Olivier, Gatey Caroline, Munier Anne-Lise, Gazaigne Sandrine, Penot Pauline, Conort Guillaume, Lerolle Nathalie, Leplatois Anne, Balausine Stéphanie, Delgado Jeannine, Timsit Julie, Tabet Magda, Gerard Laurence, Girard Pierre-Marie, Picard Odile, Tredup Jürgen, Bollens Diane, Valin Nadia, Campa Pauline, Bottero Julie, Lefebvre Benedicte, Tourneur Muriel, Fonquernie Laurent, Wemmert Charlotte, Lagneau Jean-Luc, Yazdanpanah Yazdan, Phung Bao, Pinto Adriana, Vallois Dorothée, Cabras Ornella, Louni Françoise, Pialoux Gilles, Lyavanc Thomas, Berrebi Valérie, Chas Julie, Lenagat Sophie, Rami Agathe, Diemer Myriam, Parrinello Maguy, Depond Audrey, Salmon Dominique, Guillevin Loïc, Tahi Tassadit, Belarbi Linda, Loulergue Pierre, Zak Dit Zbar Olivier, Launay Odile, Silbermann Benjamin, Leport Catherine, Alagna Laura, Pietri Marie-Pierre, Simon Anne, Bonmarchand Manuela, Amirat Naouel, Pichon François, Kirstetter Myriam, Katlama Christine, Valantin Marc Antoine, Tubiana Roland, Caby Fabienne, Schneider Luminita, Ktorza Nadine, Calin Ruxandra, Merlet Audrey, Ben Abdallah Saadia, Weiss Laurence, Buisson Martin, Batisse Dominique, Karmochine Marina, Pavie Juliette, Minozzi Catherine, Jayle Didier, Castel Philippe, Derouineau Jean, Kousignan Pascale, Eliazevitch Murielle, Pierre Isabelle, Collias Lio, Viard Jean-Paul, Gilquin Jacques, Sobel Alain, Slama Laurence, Ghosn Jade, Hadacek Blanka, Thu-Huyn Nugyen, Nait-Ighil Lella, Cros Agnes, Maignan Aline, Duvivier Claudine, Consigny Paul Henri, Lanternier Fanny, Shoai-Tehrani Michka, Touam Fatima, Jerbi Saadia, Bodard Loïc, Jung Corinne, Goujard Cécile, Quertainmont Yann, Duracinsky Martin, Segeral Olivier, Blanc Arnaud, Peretti Delphine, Cheret Antoine, Chantalat Christelle, Dulucq Marie Josée, Levy Yves, Lelievre Jean Daniel, Lascaux Anne Sophie, Dumont Cécile, Boue François, Chambrin Véronique, Abgrall Sophie, Kansau Imad, Raho-Moussa Mariem, De Truchis Pierre, Dinh Aurélien, Davido Benjamin, Marigot Dhiba, Berthe Huguette, Devidas Alain, Chevojon Pierre, Chabrol Amélie, Agher Nouara, Lemercier Yvon, Chaix Fabrice, Turpault Isabelle, Bouchaud Olivier, Honore Patricia, Rouveix Elisabeth, Reimann Evelyne, Belan Alix Greder, Godin Collet Claire, Souak Safia, Mortier Emmanuel, Bloch Martine, Simonpoli Anne-Marie, Manceron Véronique, Cahitte Isabelle, Hiraux Emmanuel, Lafon Erik, Cordonnier François, Zeng Ai-feng, Zucman David, Majerholc Catherine, Bornarel Dominique, Uludag Agnès, Gellen-Dautremer Justine, Lefort Agnès, Bazin Christine, Daneluzzi Vincent, Gerbe Juliette, Jeantils Vincent, Coupard Mélissa, Patey Olivier, Bantsimba Jonas, Delllion Sophie, Paz Pauline Caraux, Cazenave Benoit, Richier Laurent, Garrait Valérie, Delacroix Isabelle, Elharrar Brigitte, Vittecoq Daniel, Bolliot Claudine, Lepretre Annie, Genet Philippe, Masse Virginie, Perrone Véronique, Boussard Jean-Luc, Chardon Patricia, Froguel Eric, Simon Philippe, Tassi Sylvie, Avettand Fenoel Véronique, Barin Francis, Bourgeois Christine, Cardon Fanny, Chaix Marie-Laure, Delfraissy Jean François, Essat Asma, Fischer Hugues, Lecuroux Camille, Meyer Laurence, Petrov-Sanchez Ventzislava, Rouzioux Christine, Saez-Cirion Asier, Seng Rémonie, Kuldanek Kristin, Mullaney Scott, Young Carmel, Zucchetti Antonella, Bevan Margaret-Ann, McKernan Sinead, Wandolo Emily, Richardson Celia, Youssef Elaney, Green Pippa, Faulkner Sue, Faville Rebecca, Herman Sandra, Care Christine, Blackman Helen, Bellenger Katharine, Fairbrother Keith, Phillips Andrew, Babiker Abdel, Delpech Valerie, Fidler Sarah, Clarke Mindy, Fox Julie, Gilson Richard, Goldberg David, Hawkins David, Johnson Anne, Johnson Margaret, McLean Ken, Nastouli Eleni, Post Frank, Kennedy N., Pritchard J., Andrady U., Rajda N., Donnelly C., McKernan S., Drake S., Gilleran G., White D., Ross J., Harding J., Faville R., Sweeney J., Flegg P., Toomer S., Wilding H., Woodward R., Dean G., Richardson C., Perry N., Gompels M., Jennings L., Bansaal D., Browing M., Connolly L., Stanley B., Estreich S., Magdy A., O’Mahony C., Fraser P., Jebakumar S. P. R, David L., Mette R., Summerfield H., Evans M., White C., Robertson R., Lean C., Morris S., Winter A., Faulkner S., Goorney B., Howard L., Fairley I., Stemp C., Short L., Gomez M., Young F., Roberts M., Green S., Sivakumar K., Minton J., Siminoni A., Calderwood J., Greenhough D., DeSouza C., Muthern Lisa, Orkin C., Murphy S., Truvedi M., McLean K., Hawkins D., Higgs C., Moyes A., Antonucci S., McCormack S., Lynn W., Bevan M., Fox J., Teague A., Anderson J., Mguni S., Post F., Campbell L., Mazhude C., Russell H., Gilson R., Carrick G., Ainsworth J., Waters A., Byrne P., Johnson M., Fidler S., Kuldanek K., Mullaney S., Lawlor V., Melville R., Sukthankar A., Thorpe S., Murphy C., Wilkins E., Ahmad S., Green P., Tayal S., Ong E., Meaden J., Riddell L., Loay D., Peacock K., Blackman H., Harindra V., Saeed A. M., Allen S., Natarajan U., Williams O., Lacey H., Care C., Bowman C., Herman S., Devendra S. V., Wither J., Bridgwood A., Singh G., Bushby S., Kellock D., Young S., Rooney G., Snart B., Currie J., Fitzgerald M., Arumainayyagam J., Chandramani S., Rajamanoharan S., Robinson T., Taylor B., Brewer C., Mayr Christoph, Schmidt Wolfgang, Speidel Andrea, Strohbach Frank, Arastéh Keikawus, Cordes Christiane, Stündel Manfred, Claus Jörg, Baumgarten Axel, Carganico Andreas, Ingiliz Patrick, Dupke Stephan, Freiwald Matthias, Rausch Michael, Moll Arend, Schleehauf Dorothea, Hintsche Bettina, Klausen Gerd, Jessen Heiko, Jessen Arne, Köppe Siegfried, Kreckel Peter, Schranz Dietmar, Fischer Klaus, Schulbin Hubert, Speer Miriam, Glaunsinger Tobias, Wicke Thomas, Bieniek Bernhard, Hillenbrand Heribert, Schlote Frank, Lauenroth-Mai Elke, Schuler Christoph, Schürmann Dirk, Wesselmann Hans, Brockmeyer Norbert, Gehring Peter, Schmalöer Dirk, Hower Martin, Spornraft-Ragaller Petra, Häussinger Dieter, Reuter Stefan, Esser Stefan, Markus Rudolf, Kreft Burkhard, Berzow Dirk, Christl Andreas, Meyer Andreas, Plettenberg Andreas, Stoehr Albrecht, Graefe Katrin, Lorenzen Thore, Adam Axel, Schewe Knut, Weitner Lutwin, Fenske Stefan, Hansen Stefan, Stellbrink Hans-Jürgen, Wiemer Dorothea, Hertling Sandra, Schmidt Reinhold, Arbter Peter, Claus Bernd, Galle Peter, Jäger Hans, Jä̈gel-Guedes Eva, Postel Nils, Fröschl Monika, Spinner Christoph, Bogner Johannes, Salzberger Bernd, Schölmerich Jürgen, Audebert Franz, Marquardt Ties, Schaffert Andreas, Schnaitmann Eiko, Trein Andreas, Frietsch Bernhard, Müller Marcus, Ulmer Albrecht, Detering-Hübner Barbara, Kern Peter, Schubert Franz, Dehn Günther, Schreiber Maria, Güler Cengiz, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer Barbara, Schmidt Daniel, Meixenberger Karolin, Bannert Norbert, ,
Affiliation:
1. Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 2. Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France. 4. IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France. 5. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. 6. Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 7. Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK. 8. Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 9. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 10. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 11. Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. 12. School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 13. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. 14. Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 15. Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. 16. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. 17. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 18. Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 19. Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 20. Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA. 21. INSERM CESP U1018, Université Paris Saclay, APHP, Service de Santé Publique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. 22. Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. 23. Kymab Ltd., Cambridge, UK. 24. Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. 25. Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 26. Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Abstract
We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log
10
increase (i.e., a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-fold increase) in viral load compared with, and exhibited CD4 cell decline twice as fast as, 6604 individuals with other subtype-B strains. Without treatment, advanced HIV—CD4 cell counts below 350 cells per cubic millimeter, with long-term clinical consequences—is expected to be reached, on average, 9 months after diagnosis for individuals in their thirties with this variant. Age, sex, suspected mode of transmission, and place of birth for the aforementioned 109 individuals were typical for HIV-positive people in the Netherlands, which suggests that the increased virulence is attributable to the viral strain. Genetic sequence analysis suggests that this variant arose in the 1990s from de novo mutation, not recombination, with increased transmissibility and an unfamiliar molecular mechanism of virulence.
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Subject
Multidisciplinary
Cited by
49 articles.
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