Mars’ Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity Rover
Author:
Hassler Donald M.1, Zeitlin Cary1, Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F.2, Ehresmann Bent1, Rafkin Scot1, Eigenbrode Jennifer L.3, Brinza David E.4, Weigle Gerald5, Böttcher Stephan2, Böhm Eckart2, Burmeister Soenke2, Guo Jingnan2, Köhler Jan2, Martin Cesar2, Reitz Guenther6, Cucinotta Francis A.7, Kim Myung-Hee8, Grinspoon David9, Bullock Mark A.1, Posner Arik10, Gómez-Elvira Javier11, Vasavada Ashwin4, Grotzinger John P.4, Team MSL Science, Kemppinen Osku, Cremers David, Bell James F., Edgar Lauren, Farmer Jack, Godber Austin, Wadhwa Meenakshi, Wellington Danika, McEwan Ian, Newman Claire, Richardson Mark, Charpentier Antoine, Peret Laurent, King Penelope, Blank Jennifer, Schmidt Mariek, Li Shuai, Milliken Ralph, Robertson Kevin, Sun Vivian, Baker Michael, Edwards Christopher, Ehlmann Bethany, Farley Kenneth, Griffes Jennifer, Miller Hayden, Newcombe Megan, Pilorget Cedric, Rice Melissa, Siebach Kirsten, Stack Katie, Stolper Edward, Brunet Claude, Hipkin Victoria, Léveillé Richard, Marchand Geneviève, Sánchez Pablo Sobrón, Favot Laurent, Cody George, Steele Andrew, Flückiger Lorenzo, Lees David, Nefian Ara, Martin Mildred, Gailhanou Marc, Westall Frances, Israël Guy, Agard Christophe, Baroukh Julien, Donny Christophe, Gaboriaud Alain, Guillemot Philippe, Lafaille Vivian, Lorigny Eric, Paillet Alexis, Pérez René, Saccoccio Muriel, Yana Charles, Armiens‐Aparicio Carlos, Rodríguez Javier Caride, Blázquez Isaías Carrasco, Gómez Felipe Gómez, Hettrich Sebastian, Malvitte Alain Lepinette, Jiménez Mercedes Marín, Martínez-Frías Jesús, Martín-Soler Javier, Martín-Torres F. Javier, Jurado Antonio Molina, Mora-Sotomayor Luis, Caro Guillermo Muñoz, López Sara Navarro, Peinado-González Verónica, Pla-García Jorge, Manfredi José Antonio Rodriguez, Romeral-Planelló Julio José, Fuentes Sara Alejandra Sans, Martinez Eduardo Sebastian, Redondo Josefina Torres, Urqui-O'Callaghan Roser, Mier María-Paz Zorzano, Chipera Steve, Lacour Jean-Luc, Mauchien Patrick, Sirven Jean-Baptiste, Manning Heidi, Fairén Alberto, Hayes Alexander, Joseph Jonathan, Squyres Steven, Sullivan Robert, Thomas Peter, Dupont Audrey, Lundberg Angela, Melikechi Noureddine, Mezzacappa Alissa, Berger Thomas, Matthia Daniel, Prats Benito, Atlaskin Evgeny, Genzer Maria, Harri Ari-Matti, Haukka Harri, Kahanpää Henrik, Kauhanen Janne, Kemppinen Osku, Paton Mark, Polkko Jouni, Schmidt Walter, Siili Tero, Fabre Cécile, Wray James, Wilhelm Mary Beth, Poitrasson Franck, Patel Kiran, Gorevan Stephen, Indyk Stephen, Paulsen Gale, Gupta Sanjeev, Bish David, Schieber Juergen, Gondet Brigitte, Langevin Yves, Geffroy Claude, Baratoux David, Berger Gilles, Cros Alain, d’Uston Claude, Forni Olivier, Gasnault Olivier, Lasue Jérémie, Lee Qiu-Mei, Maurice Sylvestre, Meslin Pierre-Yves, Pallier Etienne, Parot Yann, Pinet Patrick, Schröder Susanne, Toplis Mike, Lewin Éric, Brunner Will, Heydari Ezat, Achilles Cherie, Oehler Dorothy, Sutter Brad, Cabane Michel, Coscia David, Israël Guy, Szopa Cyril, Dromart Gilles, Robert François, Sautter Violaine, Le Mouélic Stéphane, Mangold Nicolas, Nachon Marion, Buch Arnaud, Stalport Fabien, Coll Patrice, François Pascaline, Raulin François, Teinturier Samuel, Cameron James, Clegg Sam, Cousin Agnès, DeLapp Dorothea, Dingler Robert, Jackson Ryan Steele, Johnstone Stephen, Lanza Nina, Little Cynthia, Nelson Tony, Wiens Roger C., Williams Richard B., Jones Andrea, Kirkland Laurel, Treiman Allan, Baker Burt, Cantor Bruce, Caplinger Michael, Davis Scott, Duston Brian, Edgett Kenneth, Fay Donald, Hardgrove Craig, Harker David, Herrera Paul, Jensen Elsa, Kennedy Megan R., Krezoski Gillian, Krysak Daniel, Lipkaman Leslie, Malin Michael, McCartney Elaina, McNair Sean, Nixon Brian, Posiolova Liliya, Ravine Michael, Salamon Andrew, Saper Lee, Stoiber Kevin, Supulver Kimberley, Van Beek Jason, Van Beek Tessa, Zimdar Robert, French Katherine Louise, Iagnemma Karl, Miller Kristen, Summons Roger, Goesmann Fred, Goetz Walter, Hviid Stubbe, Johnson Micah, Lefavor Matthew, Lyness Eric, Breves Elly, Dyar M. Darby, Fassett Caleb, Blake David F., Bristow Thomas, DesMarais David, Edwards Laurence, Haberle Robert, Hoehler Tori, Hollingsworth Jeff, Kahre Melinda, Keely Leslie, McKay Christopher, Wilhelm Mary Beth, Bleacher Lora, Brinckerhoff William, Choi David, Conrad Pamela, Dworkin Jason P., Floyd Melissa, Freissinet Caroline, Garvin James, Glavin Daniel, Harpold Daniel, Jones Andrea, Mahaffy Paul, Martin David K., McAdam Amy, Pavlov Alexander, Raaen Eric, Smith Michael D., Stern Jennifer, Tan Florence, Trainer Melissa, Meyer Michael, Voytek Mary, Anderson Robert C., Aubrey Andrew, Beegle Luther W., Behar Alberto, Blaney Diana, Calef Fred, Christensen Lance, Crisp Joy A., DeFlores Lauren, Ehlmann Bethany, Feldman Jason, Feldman Sabrina, Flesch Gregory, Hurowitz Joel, Jun Insoo, Keymeulen Didier, Maki Justin, Mischna Michael, Morookian John Michael, Parker Timothy, Pavri Betina, Schoppers Marcel, Sengstacken Aaron, Simmonds John J., Spanovich Nicole, Juarez Manuel de la Torre, Webster Christopher R., Yen Albert, Archer Paul Douglas, Jones John H., Ming Douglas, Morris Richard V., Niles Paul, Rampe Elizabeth, Nolan Thomas, Fisk Martin, Radziemski Leon, Barraclough Bruce, Bender Steve, Berman Daniel, Dobrea Eldar Noe, Tokar Robert, Vaniman David, Williams Rebecca M. E., Yingst Aileen, Lewis Kevin, Leshin Laurie, Cleghorn Timothy, Huntress Wesley, Manhès Gérard, Hudgins Judy, Olson Timothy, Stewart Noel, Sarrazin Philippe, Grant John, Vicenzi Edward, Wilson Sharon A., Hamilton Victoria, Peterson Joseph, Fedosov Fedor, Golovin Dmitry, Karpushkina Natalya, Kozyrev Alexander, Litvak Maxim, Malakhov Alexey, Mitrofanov Igor, Mokrousov Maxim, Nikiforov Sergey, Prokhorov Vasily, Sanin Anton, Tretyakov Vladislav, Varenikov Alexey, Vostrukhin Andrey, Kuzmin Ruslan, Clark Benton, Wolff Michael, McLennan Scott, Botta Oliver, Drake Darrell, Bean Keri, Lemmon Mark, Schwenzer Susanne P., Anderson Ryan B., Herkenhoff Kenneth, Lee Ella Mae, Sucharski Robert, Hernández Miguel Ángel de Pablo, Ávalos Juan José Blanco, Ramos Miguel, Malespin Charles, Plante Ianik, Muller Jan-Peter, Navarro-González Rafael, Ewing Ryan, Boynton William, Downs Robert, Fitzgibbon Mike, Harshman Karl, Morrison Shaunna, Dietrich William, Kortmann Onno, Palucis Marisa, Sumner Dawn Y., Williams Amy, Lugmair Günter, Wilson Michael A., Rubin David, Jakosky Bruce, Balic-Zunic Tonci, Frydenvang Jens, Jensen Jaqueline Kløvgaard, Kinch Kjartan, Koefoed Asmus, Madsen Morten Bo, Stipp Susan Louise Svane, Boyd Nick, Campbell John L., Gellert Ralf, Perrett Glynis, Pradler Irina, VanBommel Scott, Jacob Samantha, Owen Tobias, Rowland Scott, Atlaskin Evgeny, Savijärvi Hannu, García César Martín, Mueller-Mellin Reinhold, Bridges John C., McConnochie Timothy, Benna Mehdi, Franz Heather, Bower Hannah, Brunner Anna, Blau Hannah, Boucher Thomas, Carmosino Marco, Atreya Sushil, Elliott Harvey, Halleaux Douglas, Rennó Nilton, Wong Michael, Pepin Robert, Elliott Beverley, Spray John, Thompson Lucy, Gordon Suzanne, Newsom Horton, Ollila Ann, Williams Joshua, Vasconcelos Paulo, Bentz Jennifer, Nealson Kenneth, Popa Radu, Kah Linda C., Moersch Jeffrey, Tate Christopher, Day Mackenzie, Kocurek Gary, Hallet Bernard, Sletten Ronald, Francis Raymond, McCullough Emily, Cloutis Ed, ten Kate Inge Loes, Kuzmin Ruslan, Arvidson Raymond, Fraeman Abigail, Scholes Daniel, Slavney Susan, Stein Thomas, Ward Jennifer, Berger Jeffrey, Moores John E.
Affiliation:
1. Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA. 2. Christian Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany. 3. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. 4. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. 5. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA. 6. German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany. 7. University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA. 8. Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 9. Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO 80205, USA. 10. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA. 11. Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), 28850 Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity rover began making detailed measurements of the cosmic ray and energetic particle radiation environment on the surface of Mars on 7 August 2012. We report and discuss measurements of the absorbed dose and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles on the martian surface for ~300 days of observations during the current solar maximum. These measurements provide insight into the radiation hazards associated with a human mission to the surface of Mars and provide an anchor point with which to model the subsurface radiation environment, with implications for microbial survival times of any possible extant or past life, as well as for the preservation of potential organic biosignatures of the ancient martian environment.
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Subject
Multidisciplinary
Reference68 articles.
1. Magnetic Field and Plasma Observations at Mars: Initial Results of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission 2. Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation National Research Council Radiation Hazards to Crews on Interplanetary Missions (National Academy of Sciences Washington DC 1996). 3. L. C. Simonsen J. E. Nealy L. W. Townsend J. W. Wilson “Radiation Exposure for Manned Mars Surface Missions ” NASA Technical Paper 2979 (1990). 4. L. C. Simonsen J. E. Nealy “Radiation Protection for Human Missions to the Moon and Mars ” NASA Technical Paper 3079 (1991). 5. Space Radiation Cancer Risks and Uncertainties for Mars Missions
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