Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project

Author:

Gerstein Mark B.123,Lu Zhi John12,Van Nostrand Eric L.4,Cheng Chao12,Arshinoff Bradley I.56,Liu Tao78,Yip Kevin Y.12,Robilotto Rebecca1,Rechtsteiner Andreas9,Ikegami Kohta10,Alves Pedro1,Chateigner Aurelien11,Perry Marc5,Morris Mitzi12,Auerbach Raymond K.1,Feng Xin513,Leng Jing1,Vielle Anne14,Niu Wei1516,Rhrissorrakrai Kahn12,Agarwal Ashish23,Alexander Roger P.12,Barber Galt17,Brdlik Cathleen M.4,Brennan Jennifer10,Brouillet Jeremy Jean4,Carr Adrian11,Cheung Ming-Sin14,Clawson Hiram17,Contrino Sergio11,Dannenberg Luke O.18,Dernburg Abby F.19,Desai Arshad20,Dick Lindsay21,Dosé Andréa C.19,Du Jiang3,Egelhofer Thea9,Ercan Sevinc10,Euskirchen Ghia15,Ewing Brent22,Feingold Elise A.23,Gassmann Reto20,Good Peter J.23,Green Phil22,Gullier Francois11,Gutwein Michelle12,Guyer Mark S.23,Habegger Lukas1,Han Ting24,Henikoff Jorja G.25,Henz Stefan R.26,Hinrichs Angie17,Holster Heather18,Hyman Tony27,Iniguez A. Leo18,Janette Judith16,Jensen Morten10,Kato Masaomi28,Kent W. James17,Kephart Ellen5,Khivansara Vishal24,Khurana Ekta12,Kim John K.24,Kolasinska-Zwierz Paulina14,Lai Eric C.29,Latorre Isabel14,Leahey Amber22,Lewis Suzanna30,Lloyd Paul5,Lochovsky Lucas1,Lowdon Rebecca F.23,Lubling Yaniv31,Lyne Rachel11,MacCoss Michael22,Mackowiak Sebastian D.32,Mangone Marco12,McKay Sheldon33,Mecenas Desirea12,Merrihew Gennifer22,Miller David M.34,Muroyama Andrew20,Murray John I.22,Ooi Siew-Loon25,Pham Hoang19,Phippen Taryn9,Preston Elicia A.22,Rajewsky Nikolaus32,Rätsch Gunnar35,Rosenbaum Heidi18,Rozowsky Joel12,Rutherford Kim11,Ruzanov Peter5,Sarov Mihail27,Sasidharan Rajkumar2,Sboner Andrea12,Scheid Paul12,Segal Eran31,Shin Hyunjin78,Shou Chong1,Slack Frank J.28,Slightam Cindie36,Smith Richard11,Spencer William C.34,Stinson E. O.30,Taing Scott7,Takasaki Teruaki9,Vafeados Dionne22,Voronina Ksenia20,Wang Guilin16,Washington Nicole L.30,Whittle Christina M.10,Wu Beijing36,Yan Koon-Kiu12,Zeller Georg3537,Zha Zheng5,Zhong Mei15,Zhou Xingliang10,Ahringer Julie14,Strome Susan9,Gunsalus Kristin C.1238,Micklem Gos11,Liu X. Shirley78,Reinke Valerie16,Kim Stuart K.436,Hillier LaDeana W.22,Henikoff Steven25,Piano Fabio1238,Snyder Michael415,Stein Lincoln5633,Lieb Jason D.10,Waterston Robert H.22,

Affiliation:

1. Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

2. Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

3. Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.

4. Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

5. Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.

6. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada.

7. Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

8. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

9. Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

10. Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

11. Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK, and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.

12. Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003–6688, USA.

13. Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stonybrook, Stonybrook, NY 11794, USA.

14. Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.

15. Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06824, USA.

16. Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520–8005, USA.

17. Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.

18. Roche NimbleGen, 500 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA.

19. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

20. Ludwig Institute Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0653, USA.

21. David Rockefeller Graduate Program, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue New York, NY 10065, USA.

22. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Post Office Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98195–5065, USA.

23. Division of Extramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Suite 4076, Bethesda, MD 20892–9305, USA.

24. Life Sciences Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2216, USA.

25. Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

26. Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37-39, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

27. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

28. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Post Office Box 208103, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

29. Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, Post Office Box 252, New York, NY 10065, USA.

30. Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mailstop 64-121, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.

31. Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.

32. Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Division of Systems Biology, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.

33. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11542 USA.

34. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232–8240, USA.

35. Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 39, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

36. Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5329, USA.

37. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

38. New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Abstract

From Genome to Regulatory Networks For biologists, having a genome in hand is only the beginning—much more investigation is still needed to characterize how the genome is used to help to produce a functional organism (see the Perspective by Blaxter ). In this vein, Gerstein et al. (p. 1775 ) summarize for the Caenorhabditis elegans genome, and The modENCODE Consortium (p. 1787 ) summarize for the Drosophila melanogaster genome, full transcriptome analyses over developmental stages, genome-wide identification of transcription factor binding sites, and high-resolution maps of chromatin organization. Both studies identified regions of the nematode and fly genomes that show highly occupied targets (or HOT) regions where DNA was bound by more than 15 of the transcription factors analyzed and the expression of related genes were characterized. Overall, the studies provide insights into the organization, structure, and function of the two genomes and provide basic information needed to guide and correlate both focused and genome-wide studies.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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