Life Without Photosynthesis

Author:

Chyba Christopher F.1,Hand Kevin P.1

Affiliation:

1. C. F. Chyba is at the Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94404, USA; the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; and in the Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference21 articles.

1. Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa

2. Life in Ice-Covered Oceans

3. Cooper J. F., et al., Icarus149, 133 (2001).

4. Possible ecosystems and the search for life on Europa

5. Both O2 and H2O2 are produced the latter 10 times more efficiently than the former. H2O2 will decompose into O2 once mixed into the Europan ocean with a half-life of less than 10 years (4) so we treat either O2 or H2O2 mixed into the ocean as “equivalent” O2.

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