Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages

Published:2023-07-28 Issue:6656 Volume:381 Page:
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Heggarty Paul¹²³^ORCID,Anderson Cormac³^ORCID,Scarborough Matthew³⁴,King Benedict³^ORCID,Bouckaert Remco⁵^ORCID,Jocz Lechosław⁶^ORCID,Kümmel Martin Joachim⁷^ORCID,Jügel Thomas⁸^ORCID,Irslinger Britta⁹^ORCID,Pooth Roland¹⁰,Liljegren Henrik¹¹^ORCID,Strand Richard F.¹²^ORCID,Haig Geoffrey¹³^ORCID,Macák Martin¹⁴,Kim Ronald I.¹⁵^ORCID,Anonby Erik¹⁶¹⁷^ORCID,Pronk Tijmen¹⁷,Belyaev Oleg¹⁸¹⁹^ORCID,Dewey-Findell Tonya Kim²⁰,Boutilier Matthew²¹,Freiberg Cassandra²²^ORCID,Tegethoff Robert³⁷,Serangeli Matilde⁷^ORCID,Liosis Nikos²³^ORCID,Stroński Krzysztof²⁴^ORCID,Schulte Kim²⁵^ORCID,Gupta Ganesh Kumar²⁴^ORCID,Haak Wolfgang²⁶^ORCID,Krause Johannes²⁶^ORCID,Atkinson Quentin D.²⁷²⁸^ORCID,Greenhill Simon J.³²⁹^ORCID,Kühnert Denise³⁰^ORCID,Gray Russell D.³²⁷^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Departamento de Humanidades, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 15088 Lima, Peru.

2. Waves Group, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

3. Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

4. Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, S 2300 København, Denmark.

5. Centre for Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.

6. Faculty of Humanities, Jacob of Paradies University, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.

7. Seminar for Indo-European Studies, Institut für Orientalistik, Indogermanistik, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.

8. Center for Religious Studies (CERES), Ruhr University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany.

9. Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.

10. Department of Linguistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.

11. Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

12. Independent scholar, Cottonwood, AZ 86326, USA.

13. Department of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany.

14. Independent scholar, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia.

15. Department of Older Germanic Languages, Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.

16. School of Linguistics and Language Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.

17. Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.

18. Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 GSP-1 Moscow, Russia.

19. Department of Iranian Languages, Institute of Linguistics RAS, Moscow 125009, Russia.

20. Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, School of English, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.

21. Department of German, Nordic, and Slavic, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

22. Institut für deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Sprach- und literaturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.

23. Institute of Modern Greek Studies, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.

24. Faculty of Modern Languages, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-874 Poznań, Poland.

25. Department of Translation and Communication, Jaume I University, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.

26. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

27. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.

28. Centre for the Study of Social Cohesion, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6PN, UK.

29. ARC Center of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.

30. Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745 Jena, Germany.

Abstract

The origins of the Indo-European language family are hotly disputed. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of core vocabulary have produced conflicting results, with some supporting a farming expansion out of Anatolia ~9000 years before present (yr B.P.), while others support a spread with horse-based pastoralism out of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe ~6000 yr B.P. Here we present an extensive database of Indo-European core vocabulary that eliminates past inconsistencies in cognate coding. Ancestry-enabled phylogenetic analysis of this dataset indicates that few ancient languages are direct ancestors of modern clades and produces a root age of ~8120 yr B.P. for the family. Although this date is not consistent with the Steppe hypothesis, it does not rule out an initial homeland south of the Caucasus, with a subsequent branch northward onto the steppe and then across Europe. We reconcile this hybrid hypothesis with recently published ancient DNA evidence from the steppe and the northern Fertile Crescent.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Link

https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.abg0818

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