The Imprint of the Extragalactic Background Light in the Gamma-Ray Spectra of Blazars-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The Imprint of the Extragalactic Background Light in the Gamma-Ray Spectra of Blazars

Published:2012-11-30 Issue:6111 Volume:338 Page:1190-1192
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Ackermann M.¹,Ajello M.²³,Allafort A.²,Schady P.⁴,Baldini L.⁵,Ballet J.⁶,Barbiellini G.⁷⁸,Bastieri D.⁹¹⁰,Bellazzini R.¹¹,Blandford R. D.²,Bloom E. D.²,Borgland A. W.²,Bottacini E.²,Bouvier A.¹²,Bregeon J.¹¹,Brigida M.¹³¹⁴,Bruel P.¹⁵,Buehler R.²,Buson S.⁹¹⁰,Caliandro G. A.¹⁶,Cameron R. A.²,Caraveo P. A.¹⁷,Cavazzuti E.¹⁸,Cecchi C.¹⁹²⁰,Charles E.²,Chaves R. C. G.⁶,Chekhtman A.²¹,Cheung C. C.²²,Chiang J.²,Chiaro G.²³,Ciprini S.²⁰²⁴,Claus R.²,Cohen-Tanugi J.²⁵,Conrad J.²⁶²⁷²⁸,Cutini S.¹⁸,D’Ammando F.¹⁹²⁹³⁰,de Palma F.¹³¹⁴,Dermer C. D.³¹,Digel S. W.²,do Couto e Silva E.²,Domínguez A.¹²,Drell P. S.²,Drlica-Wagner A.²,Favuzzi C.¹³¹⁴,Fegan S. J.¹⁵,Focke W. B.²,Franckowiak A.²,Fukazawa Y.³²,Funk S.²,Fusco P.¹³¹⁴,Gargano F.¹⁴,Gasparrini D.¹⁸,Gehrels N.³³,Germani S.¹⁹²⁰,Giglietto N.¹³¹⁴,Giordano F.¹³¹⁴,Giroletti M.³⁴,Glanzman T.²,Godfrey G.²,Grenier I. A.⁶,Grove J. E.³¹,Guiriec S.³³,Gustafsson M.⁹,Hadasch D.¹⁶,Hayashida M.²³⁵,Hays E.³³,Jackson M. S.²⁷³⁶,Jogler T.²,Kataoka J.³⁷,Knödlseder J.³⁸³⁹,Kuss M.¹¹,Lande J.²,Larsson S.²⁶²⁷⁴⁰,Latronico L.⁴¹,Longo F.⁷⁸,Loparco F.¹³¹⁴,Lovellette M. N.³¹,Lubrano P.¹⁹²⁰,Mazziotta M. N.¹⁴,McEnery J. E.³³⁴²,Mehault J.²⁵,Michelson P. F.²,Mizuno T.⁴³,Monte C.¹³¹⁴,Monzani M. E.²,Morselli A.⁴⁴,Moskalenko I. V.²,Murgia S.²,Tramacere A.⁴⁵,Nuss E.²⁵,Greiner J.⁴,Ohno M.⁴⁶,Ohsugi T.⁴³,Omodei N.²,Orienti M.³⁴,Orlando E.²,Ormes J. F.⁴⁷,Paneque D.²⁴⁸,Perkins J. S.³³⁴⁹⁵⁰⁵¹,Pesce-Rollins M.¹¹,Piron F.²⁵,Pivato G.¹⁰,Porter T. A.²¹²,Rainò S.¹³¹⁴,Rando R.⁹¹⁰,Razzano M.¹¹¹²,Razzaque S.²¹,Reimer A.²⁵²,Reimer O.²⁵²,Reyes L. C.⁵³,Ritz S.¹²,Rau A.⁴,Romoli C.¹⁰,Roth M.⁵⁴,Sánchez-Conde M.²,Sanchez D. A.⁵⁵,Scargle J. D.⁵⁶,Sgrò C.¹¹,Siskind E. J.⁵⁷,Spandre G.¹¹,Spinelli P.¹³¹⁴,Stawarz Łukasz⁴⁶⁵⁸,Suson D. J.⁵⁹,Takahashi H.³²,Tanaka T.²,Thayer J. G.²,Thompson D. J.³³,Tibaldo L.⁹¹⁰,Tinivella M.¹¹,Torres D. F.¹⁶⁶⁰,Tosti G.¹⁹²⁰,Troja E.³³,Usher T. L.²,Vandenbroucke J.²,Vasileiou V.²⁵,Vianello G.²⁶¹,Vitale V.⁴⁴⁶²,Waite A. P.²,Winer B. L.⁶³,Wood K. S.³¹,Wood M.²

Affiliation:

1. Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

2. W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

3. Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–7450, USA.

4. Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany.

5. Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy.

6. Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.

7. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.

8. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.

9. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.

10. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.

11. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.

12. Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

13. Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.

14. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.

15. Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France.

16. Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.

17. INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy.

18. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy.

19. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.

20. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.

21. Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.

22. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001.

23. INFN and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.

24. ASI Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy.

25. Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France.

26. Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

27. The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

28. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

29. IASF Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.

30. INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-00133 Roma, Italy.

31. Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA.

32. Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.

33. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.

34. INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy.

35. Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.

36. Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

37. Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.

38. CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France.

39. GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France.

40. Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

41. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy.

42. Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

43. Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.

44. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy

45. INTEGRAL Science Data Centre, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland.

46. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan.

47. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA

48. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany.

49. Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.

50. Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.

51. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

52. Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

53. Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA.

54. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA.

55. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

56. Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035–1000, USA.

57. NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA.

58. Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 30-244 Kraków, Poland.

59. Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323–2094, USA.

60. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.

61. Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy.

62. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy.

63. Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Abstract

Glow from the Past Extragalactic background light (EBL) is the integrated radiation from all extragalactic sources in the universe. Foreground emission from our solar system and galaxy makes direct detection of the EBL very difficult. However, it is possible to measure EBL from gamma-ray spectra of distant sources, because gamma-ray photons from these sources interact with the EBL. Ackermann et al. (p. 1190 , published online 1 November; see the Perspective by

Bromm

) report a measurement of the EBL based on an attenuation feature seen in the combined spectra of distant active galaxies detected by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. The result puts constraints on the cosmic history of star formation.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference65 articles.

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