Early dispersal of domestic horses into the Great Plains and northern Rockies

Author:

Taylor William Timothy Treal12ORCID,Librado Pablo3ORCID,Hunska Tašunke Icu Mila4ORCID,Shield Chief Gover Carlton15ORCID,Arterberry Jimmy6ORCID,Luta Wiƞ Anpetu4,Nujipi Akil7,Omniya Tanka4,Gonzalez Mario4,Means Bill48,High Crane Sam9,Dull Knife Barbara410,Wiƞ Wakiƞyala4,Tecumseh Collin Cruz4ORCID,Ward Chance211,Pasqual Theresa A.12ORCID,Chauvey Lorelei3ORCID,Tonasso-Calviere Laure3ORCID,Schiavinato Stéphanie3ORCID,Seguin-Orlando Andaine3ORCID,Fages Antoine313ORCID,Khan Naveed314ORCID,Der Sarkissian Clio3,Liu Xuexue3,Wagner Stefanie3ORCID,Leonard Beth Ginondidoy1516,Manzano Bruce L.17,O’Malley Nancy18ORCID,Leonard Jennifer A.19,Bernáldez-Sánchez Eloísa20ORCID,Barrey Eric21,Charliquart Léa22,Robbe Emilie23,Denoblet Thibault22,Gregersen Kristian23ORCID,Vershinina Alisa O.24ORCID,Weinstock Jaco25,Rajić Šikanjić Petra26ORCID,Mashkour Marjan27,Shingiray Irina2829ORCID,Aury Jean-Marc30ORCID,Perdereau Aude30ORCID,Alquraishi Saleh3132,Alfarhan Ahmed H.3334,Al-Rasheid Khaled A. S.32ORCID,Trbojević Vukičević Tajana35ORCID,Buric Marcel36,Sauer Eberhard37,Lucas Mary38ORCID,Brenner-Coltrain Joan39ORCID,Bozell John R.40,Thornhill Cassidee A.41ORCID,Monagle Victoria42ORCID,Perri Angela43ORCID,Newton Cody44ORCID,Hall W. Eugene45ORCID,Conver Joshua L.46ORCID,Le Roux Petrus47ORCID,Buckser Sasha G.1ORCID,Gabe Caroline48,Belardi Juan Bautista49,Barrón-Ortiz Christina I.50ORCID,Hart Isaac A.39ORCID,Ryder Christina1ORCID,Sponheimer Matthew1ORCID,Shapiro Beth51ORCID,Southon John52,Hibbs Joss53,Faulkner Charlotte53,Outram Alan54ORCID,Patterson Rosa Laura55ORCID,Palermo Katelyn56,Solé Marina57ORCID,William Alice58,McCrory Wayne59ORCID,Lindgren Gabriella5760ORCID,Brooks Samantha61ORCID,Eché Camille62ORCID,Donnadieu Cécile62ORCID,Bouchez Olivier62ORCID,Wincker Patrick30,Hodgins Gregory63,Trabert Sarah64ORCID,Bethke Brandi65ORCID,Roberts Patrick3866,Jones Emily Lena42ORCID,Running Horse Collin Yvette34ORCID,Orlando Ludovic3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

2. Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

3. Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT, CNRS UMR5288), University Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, 31000 Toulouse, France.

4. Oglala Lakota, Pine Ridge Reservation, SD 57770, USA.

5. Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, Pawnee, OK 74058, USA.

6. Tribal Historian, Comanche Nation, Galindo Environmental Consulting LLC, Austin, TX 78757, USA.

7. Lakota, Pine Ridge Reservation, SD 57770, USA.

8. International Indian Treaty Council, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.

9. Sicangu Lakota, Rosebud Indian Reservation, SD 57570, USA.

10. He’Sapa Unity Alliance Council of Elders, SD 57770, USA.

11. Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (Lakota), Eagle Butte, SD 57625, USA.

12. Pueblo of Acoma, Acoma, NM 87034, USA.

13. Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.

14. Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.

15. Institute of Culture and Environment, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.

16. Deg Xit’an (Athabascan), Shageluk Tribe of Interior Alaska, Shageluk, AK 99665, USA.

17. Kentucky Archaeological Survey, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.

18. W.S. Webb Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.

19. Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain.

20. Laboratorio de Paleontología y Paleobiología, Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.

21. Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI UMR1313, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350 Paris, France.

22. Musée de l’Armée, Hôtel des Invalides, 75007 Paris, France.

23. The Royal Danish Academy, Institute of Conservation, 1435 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

24. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

25. University of Southampton Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Archaeology), Southampton SO17 1BF, UK.

26. Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

27. Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, 75005 Paris, France.

28. Faculty of History, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2RL, UK.

29. Oxford Nizami Ganjavi Centre, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2LE, UK.

30. Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Évry, France.

31. Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.

32. Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.

33. Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.

34. Department of Information Systems, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia.

35. Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

36. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

37. School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.

38. isoTROPIC Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, 07745 Jena, Germany.

39. Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

40. Archaeological consultant, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.

41. Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

42. Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.

43. Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.

44. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc., Sheridan, WY 82801, USA.

45. Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

46. Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

47. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.

48. Department of History, Anthropology, Philosophy, Political Science, and Department of Spanish, Adams State University, Alamosa, CO 81101, USA.

49. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Unidad Académica Río Gallegos (ICASUR), Laboratorio de Arqueología Dr. Luis A. Borrero, CONICET, 9400 Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina.

50. Quaternary Palaeontology Program, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB T5J 0G2, Canada.

51. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.

52. Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

53. Dartmoor Hill Pony Association, Corndonford Farm, Poundsgate, Devon TQ13 7PP, UK.

54. Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.

55. Department of Agriculture and Industry, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX 79832, USA.

56. Department of Virology, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL 32202, USA.

57. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.

58. Xeni Gwet’in First Nations Government, 150-Milehouse, BC V0K 2G0, Canada.

59. McCrory Wildlife Services Ltd., New Denver, BC V0G 1S1, Canada.

60. Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.

61. Department of Animal Science, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.

62. Plateforme GeT-PlaGe, Génome et Transcriptome, US1426, Centre INRAe Occitanie, 31326 Auzeville, France.

63. UA Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

64. Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.

65. Oklahoma Archeological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.

66. Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, 07745 Jena, Germany.

Abstract

The horse is central to many Indigenous cultures across the American Southwest and the Great Plains. However, when and how horses were first integrated into Indigenous lifeways remain contentious, with extant models derived largely from colonial records. We conducted an interdisciplinary study of an assemblage of historic archaeological horse remains, integrating genomic, isotopic, radiocarbon, and paleopathological evidence. Archaeological and modern North American horses show strong Iberian genetic affinities, with later influx from British sources, but no Viking proximity. Horses rapidly spread from the south into the northern Rockies and central plains by the first half of the 17th century CE, likely through Indigenous exchange networks. They were deeply integrated into Indigenous societies before the arrival of 18th-century European observers, as reflected in herd management, ceremonial practices, and culture.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference124 articles.

1. Fossil Horses--Evidence for Evolution

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