Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome

Author:

Sunagawa Shinichi1,Coelho Luis Pedro1,Chaffron Samuel234,Kultima Jens Roat1,Labadie Karine5,Salazar Guillem6,Djahanschiri Bardya1,Zeller Georg1,Mende Daniel R.1,Alberti Adriana5,Cornejo-Castillo Francisco M.6,Costea Paul I.1,Cruaud Corinne5,d'Ovidio Francesco7,Engelen Stefan5,Ferrera Isabel6,Gasol Josep M.6,Guidi Lionel89,Hildebrand Falk1,Kokoszka Florian1011,Lepoivre Cyrille12,Lima-Mendez Gipsi234,Poulain Julie5,Poulos Bonnie T.13,Royo-Llonch Marta6,Sarmento Hugo614,Vieira-Silva Sara234,Dimier Céline101516,Picheral Marc89,Searson Sarah89,Kandels-Lewis Stefanie117,Bowler Chris10,de Vargas Colomban1516,Gorsky Gabriel89,Grimsley Nigel1819,Hingamp Pascal12,Iudicone Daniele20,Jaillon Olivier52122,Not Fabrice1516,Ogata Hiroyuki23,Pesant Stephane2425,Speich Sabrina2627,Stemmann Lars89,Sullivan Matthew B.13,Weissenbach Jean52122,Wincker Patrick52122,Karsenti Eric1017,Raes Jeroen234,Acinas Silvia G.6,Bork Peer128,Boss Emmanuel,Bowler Chris,Follows Michael,Karp-Boss Lee,Krzic Uros,Reynaud Emmanuel G.,Sardet Christian,Sieracki Mike,Velayoudon Didier,

Affiliation:

1. Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

3. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

4. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

5. CEA–Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.

6. Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain.

7. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Université Paris 06, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris France.

8. CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France.

9. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France.

10. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France.

11. Laboratoire de Physique des Océans UBO-IUEM, Place Copernic 29820 Plouzané, France.

12. Aix Marseille Université CNRS IGS UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France.

13. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

14. Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

15. CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.

16. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.

17. Directors’ Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

18. CNRS UMR 7232, BIOM, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

19. Sorbonne Universités Paris 06, OOB UPMC, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

20. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.

21. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France.

22. Université d’Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France.

23. Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-001, Japan.

24. PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.

25. MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.

26. Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.

27. Laboratoire de Physique des Océans UBO-IUEM, Place Copernic, 29820 Plouzané, France.

28. Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany.

Abstract

Microbes are dominant drivers of biogeochemical processes, yet drawing a global picture of functional diversity, microbial community structure, and their ecological determinants remains a grand challenge. We analyzed 7.2 terabases of metagenomic data from 243 Tara Oceans samples from 68 locations in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters across the globe to generate an ocean microbial reference gene catalog with >40 million nonredundant, mostly novel sequences from viruses, prokaryotes, and picoeukaryotes. Using 139 prokaryote-enriched samples, containing >35,000 species, we show vertical stratification with epipelagic community composition mostly driven by temperature rather than other environmental factors or geography. We identify ocean microbial core functionality and reveal that >73% of its abundance is shared with the human gut microbiome despite the physicochemical differences between these two ecosystems.

Funder

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

European Union FP7

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca

KU Leuven

VIB

CNRS

Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation

European Molecular Biology Laboratory

Genoscope/CEA

Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn

Fund for Scientific Research–Flanders

Rega Institute

The French Ministry of Research

French Government

FRANCE GENOMIQUE

MEMO LIFE

PSL Research University

European Research Council

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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