1. The third variety used in Champagne ‘Meunier’ is considered a separate variety by winemakers but is actually a chimeric mutant of ‘Pinot’. ‘Pinot noir’ ‘Pinot gris’ and ‘Pinot blanc’ are all treated as separate varieties by winemakers by virtue of their different fruit colors but they are simply color mutants of the same variety and all have the same microsatellite genotype indicating that they have originated from a single individual seedling. ‘Pinot’ is the name used to encompass all of these forms. ‘Pinot fin teinturier’ a form of ‘Pinot’ with colored juice also has the same microsatellite genotype except for one allele at locus VVS2.
2. Levadoux L., Ann. Amelior. Plant. 6, 59 (1956).
3. The parentage of a classic wine grape, Cabernet Sauvignon
4. We began with 351 cultivars but eliminated 29 that have duplicate microsatellite genotypes because they are either mutants (for example the color forms of ‘Pinot’ and other varieties) or synonymous cultivars. The 322 cultivars analyzed are listed in a supplementary table available at www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/1042157.shl.
5. Young leaves and shoot tips were collected from actively growing vines at the University of California at Davis and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique collection at Domaine de Vassal near Montpellier France. Genomic DNA was isolated by a modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide method [