A limit on variations in the fine-structure constant from spectra of nearby Sun-like stars

Abstract

The fine structure constant α sets the strength of the electromagnetic force. The Standard Model of particle physics provides no explanation for its value, which could potentially vary. The wavelengths of stellar absorption lines depend on α but are subject to systematic effects owing to astrophysical processes in stellar atmospheres. We measured precise line wavelengths from observations of 17 stars, selected to have almost identical atmospheric properties to those of the Sun (solar twins), which reduces those systematic effects. We found that α varies by ≲ 50 parts per billion within 50 parsecs from Earth. Combining the results from all 17 stars provides an empirical local reference for stellar measurements of α, with an ensemble precision of 12 parts per billion.