1. Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
2. Division of Titanium Alloys, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
4. Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.