1. Data are from the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG) a National Science Foundation survey of college-educated individuals at the time of the 1990 census see Science Online for supplementary information. Occupational field not field of education defines who is a scientist or engineer. Individuals not in the labor force individuals in the military individuals not in the United States and individuals in social science occupations are excluded as are scientists without a doctoral or a medical degree and engineers without a baccalaureate. Estimates are weighted to adjust for different initial probabilities of sample selection and subsequent nonresponse. Individuals born abroad to U.S. citizens are counted as foreign born. Only those who had immigrated or completed their highest degree before 1980 are included in the 1980 estimates.
2. Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists (National Academy Press Washington DC 1998) p. 4 The National Research Council [(p.]reports a growing “imbalance between the number of life-science Ph.D.'s being produced and the availability of positions that permit them to become independent investigators ” a situation exacerbated by “the influx of foreign-born Ph.D. candidates together with the increase in foreign-trained Ph.D.'s who have sought postdoctoral training in the U.S.” Also see for example Borjas G. J. J. Econ. Lit. 37 1667 (1994);
3. North D. S., Soothing the Establishment (University Press of America, Inc., Lanham, MD, 1995);
4. Foreign Students and Graduate Economic Education in the United States
5. Finn R., Scientist, 27 November 1995, 1, 8–9;