Evidence That Nitric Acid Increases Relative Humidity in Low-Temperature Cirrus Clouds-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Evidence That Nitric Acid Increases Relative Humidity in Low-Temperature Cirrus Clouds

Published:2004-01-23 Issue:5657 Volume:303 Page:516-520
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Gao R. S.¹²³⁴⁵,Popp P. J.¹²³⁴⁵,Fahey D. W.¹²³⁴⁵,Marcy T. P.¹²³⁴⁵,Herman R. L.¹²³⁴⁵,Weinstock E. M.¹²³⁴⁵,Baumgardner D. G.¹²³⁴⁵,Garrett T. J.¹²³⁴⁵,Rosenlof K. H.¹²³⁴⁵,Thompson T. L.¹²³⁴⁵,Bui P. T.¹²³⁴⁵,Ridley B. A.¹²³⁴⁵,Wofsy S. C.¹²³⁴⁵,Toon O. B.¹²³⁴⁵,Tolbert M. A.¹²³⁴⁵,Kärcher B.¹²³⁴⁵,Peter Th.¹²³⁴⁵,Hudson P. K.¹²³⁴⁵,Weinheimer A. J.¹²³⁴⁵,Heymsfield A. J.¹²³⁴⁵

Affiliation:

1. Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.

2. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

3. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

4. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

5. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.

Abstract

In situ measurements of the relative humidity with respect to ice (RH i ) and of nitric acid (HNO 3 ) were made in both natural and contrail cirrus clouds in the upper troposphere. At temperatures lower than 202 kelvin, RH i values show a sharp increase to average values of over 130% in both cloud types. These enhanced RH i values are attributed to the presence of a new class of HNO 3 -containing ice particles (Δ-ice). We propose that surface HNO 3 molecules prevent the ice/vapor system from reaching equilibrium by a mechanism similar to that of freezing point depression by antifreeze proteins. Δ-ice represents a new link between global climate and natural and anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions. Including Δ-ice in climate models will alter simulated cirrus properties and the distribution of upper tropospheric water vapor.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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