1. Department of Bioethics and Decision Sciences, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
2. Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18510, USA.
3. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
4. Anderson School of Management, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
5. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
6. Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
7. Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
8. Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.