Attenuated evolution of mammals through the Cenozoic

Author:

Goswami Anjali12ORCID,Noirault Eve1,Coombs Ellen J.123ORCID,Clavel Julien4ORCID,Fabre Anne-Claire156ORCID,Halliday Thomas J. D.17ORCID,Churchill Morgan8,Curtis Abigail9,Watanabe Akinobu11011ORCID,Simmons Nancy B.12ORCID,Beatty Brian L.1013ORCID,Geisler Jonathan H.1013ORCID,Fox David L.14,Felice Ryan N.1215ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.

2. Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, UK.

3. Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.

4. Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France.

5. Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

6. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

7. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

8. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA.

9. Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

10. Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY, USA.

11. Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.

12. Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.

13. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.

14. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

15. Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.

Abstract

The Cenozoic diversification of placental mammals is the archetypal adaptive radiation. Yet, discrepancies between molecular divergence estimates and the fossil record fuel ongoing debate around the timing, tempo, and drivers of this radiation. Analysis of a three-dimensional skull dataset for living and extinct placental mammals demonstrates that evolutionary rates peak early and attenuate quickly. This long-term decline in tempo is punctuated by bursts of innovation that decreased in amplitude over the past 66 million years. Social, precocial, aquatic, and herbivorous species evolve fastest, especially whales, elephants, sirenians, and extinct ungulates. Slow rates in rodents and bats indicate dissociation of taxonomic and morphological diversification. Frustratingly, highly similar ancestral shape estimates for placental mammal superorders suggest that their earliest representatives may continue to elude unequivocal identification.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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