GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment-Reference-Cited by-全球学者库

GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment

Published:2013-06-21 Issue:6139 Volume:340 Page:1467-1471
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Rietveld Cornelius A.¹²,Medland Sarah E.³,Derringer Jaime⁴,Yang Jian⁵,Esko Tõnu⁶,Martin Nicolas W.³⁷,Westra Harm-Jan⁸,Shakhbazov Konstantin⁵⁹,Abdellaoui Abdel¹⁰,Agrawal Arpana¹¹,Albrecht Eva¹²,Alizadeh Behrooz Z.¹³,Amin Najaf¹⁴,Barnard John¹⁵,Baumeister Sebastian E.¹⁶,Benke Kelly S.¹⁷,Bielak Lawrence F.¹⁸,Boatman Jeffrey A.¹⁹,Boyle Patricia A.²⁰,Davies Gail²¹,de Leeuw Christiaan²²,Eklund Niina²³²⁴,Evans Daniel S.²⁵,Ferhmann Rudolf⁸,Fischer Krista⁶,Gieger Christian¹²,Gjessing Håkon K.²⁶,Hägg Sara²⁷²⁸²⁹,Harris Jennifer R.²⁶,Hayward Caroline³⁰,Holzapfel Christina³¹³²,Ibrahim-Verbaas Carla A.¹⁴³³,Ingelsson Erik²⁷²⁸²⁹,Jacobsson Bo²⁶³⁴,Joshi Peter K.³⁵,Jugessur Astanand²⁶,Kaakinen Marika³⁶³⁷,Kanoni Stavroula³⁸,Karjalainen Juha⁸,Kolcic Ivana³⁹,Kristiansson Kati²³²⁴,Kutalik Zoltán⁴⁰⁴¹,Lahti Jari⁴²,Lee Sang H.³,Lin Peng¹¹,Lind Penelope A.³,Liu Yongmei⁴³,Lohman Kurt⁴⁴,Loitfelder Marisa⁴⁵,McMahon George⁴⁶,Vidal Pedro Marques⁴⁷,Meirelles Osorio⁴⁸,Milani Lili⁶,Myhre Ronny²⁶,Nuotio Marja-Liisa²³²⁴,Oldmeadow Christopher J.⁴⁹,Petrovic Katja E.⁵⁰,Peyrot Wouter J.⁵¹,Polašek Ozren³⁹,Quaye Lydia⁵²,Reinmaa Eva⁶,Rice John P.¹¹,Rizzi Thais S.²²,Schmidt Helena⁵³,Schmidt Reinhold⁴⁵,Smith Albert V.⁵⁴⁵⁵,Smith Jennifer A.¹⁸,Tanaka Toshiko⁴⁸,Terracciano Antonio⁴⁸⁵⁶,van der Loos Matthijs J. H. M.¹²,Vitart Veronique³⁰,Völzke Henry¹⁶,Wellmann Jürgen⁵⁷,Yu Lei²⁰,Zhao Wei¹⁸,Allik Jüri⁵⁸,Attia John R.⁴⁹,Bandinelli Stefania⁵⁹,Bastardot François⁶⁰,Beauchamp Jonathan⁶¹,Bennett David A.²⁰,Berger Klaus⁵⁷,Bierut Laura J.¹¹,Boomsma Dorret I.¹⁰,Bültmann Ute⁶²,Campbell Harry³⁵,Chabris Christopher F.⁶³,Cherkas Lynn⁵²,Chung Mina K.¹⁵,Cucca Francesco⁶⁴⁶⁵,de Andrade Mariza⁶⁶,De Jager Philip L.⁶⁷,De Neve Jan-Emmanuel⁶⁸⁶⁹,Deary Ian J.²¹⁷⁰,Dedoussis George V.⁷¹,Deloukas Panos³⁸,Dimitriou Maria⁷¹,Eiríksdóttir Guðný⁵⁴,Elderson Martin F.⁷²,Eriksson Johan G.⁷³⁷⁴⁷⁵⁷⁶,Evans David M.⁷⁷,Faul Jessica D.⁷⁸,Ferrucci Luigi⁴⁸,Garcia Melissa E.⁴⁸,Grönberg Henrik²⁹,Guðnason Vilmundur⁵⁴⁵⁵,Hall Per²⁹,Harris Juliette M.⁵²,Harris Tamara B.⁴⁸,Hastie Nicholas D.³⁰,Heath Andrew C.⁷⁹,Hernandez Dena G.⁴⁸,Hoffmann Wolfgang¹⁶,Hofman Adriaan⁸⁰,Holle Rolf⁸¹,Holliday Elizabeth G.⁴⁹,Hottenga Jouke-Jan¹⁰,Iacono William G.⁸²,Illig Thomas³²⁸³,Järvelin Marjo-Riitta³⁶³⁷⁸⁴⁸⁵⁸⁶,Kähönen Mika⁸⁷,Kaprio Jaakko²³⁸⁸⁸⁹,Kirkpatrick Robert M.⁸²,Kowgier Matthew⁹⁰,Latvala Antti⁸⁸⁸⁹,Launer Lenore J.⁴⁸,Lawlor Debbie A.⁷⁷,Lehtimäki Terho⁹¹,Li Jingmei⁹²,Lichtenstein Paul²⁹,Lichtner Peter⁹³,Liewald David C.²¹,Madden Pamela A.¹¹,Magnusson Patrik K. E.²⁹,Mäkinen Tomi E.⁹⁴,Masala Marco⁶⁴,McGue Matt⁸²,Metspalu Andres⁶,Mielck Andreas⁸¹,Miller Michael B.⁸²,Montgomery Grant W.³,Mukherjee Sutapa⁹⁵⁹⁶⁹⁷,Nyholt Dale R.³,Oostra Ben A.¹⁴,Palmer Lyle J.⁹⁰,Palotie Aarno²³³⁸⁹⁸,Penninx Brenda W. J. H.⁵¹,Perola Markus⁶²³²⁴,Peyser Patricia A.¹⁸,Preisig Martin⁶⁰,Räikkönen Katri⁴²,Raitakari Olli T.⁹⁹¹⁰⁰,Realo Anu⁵⁸,Ring Susan M.⁴⁶,Ripatti Samuli²³²⁴³⁸,Rivadeneira Fernando²¹⁰¹,Rudan Igor³⁵,Rustichini Aldo¹⁰²,Salomaa Veikko¹⁰³,Sarin Antti-Pekka²³,Schlessinger David⁴⁸,Scott Rodney J.⁴⁹,Snieder Harold¹³,St Pourcain Beate⁷⁷¹⁰⁴,Starr John M.²¹¹⁰⁵,Sul Jae Hoon¹⁰⁶,Surakka Ida²³²⁴,Svento Rauli¹⁰⁷,Teumer Alexander¹⁰⁸,Tiemeier Henning²¹⁰⁹,van Rooij Frank J. A.²,Van Wagoner David R.¹⁵,Vartiainen Erkki¹¹⁰,Viikari Jorma¹¹¹,Vollenweider Peter⁶⁰,Vonk Judith M.¹³,Waeber Gérard⁶⁰,Weir David R.⁷⁸,Wichmann H.-Erich¹¹²¹¹³¹¹⁴,Widen Elisabeth²³,Willemsen Gonneke¹⁰,Wilson James F.³⁵,Wright Alan F.³⁰,Conley Dalton¹¹⁵,Davey-Smith George⁷⁷,Franke Lude⁸,Groenen Patrick J. F.¹¹⁶,Hofman Albert²,Johannesson Magnus¹¹⁷,Kardia Sharon L. R.¹⁸,Krueger Robert F.⁸²,Laibson David⁶¹,Martin Nicholas G.³,Meyer Michelle N.¹¹⁸¹¹⁹,Posthuma Danielle²²¹⁰⁹¹²⁰,Thurik A. Roy¹¹²¹¹²²,Timpson Nicholas J.⁷⁷,Uitterlinden André G.²¹⁰¹,van Duijn Cornelia M.¹⁴¹²³,Visscher Peter M.³⁵⁹,Benjamin Daniel J.¹²⁴,Cesarini David¹²⁵¹²⁶¹²⁷,Koellinger Philipp D.¹²,

Affiliation:

1. Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.

2. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.

3. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.

4. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0447, USA.

5. University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.

6. Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.

7. School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.

8. Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.

9. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.

10. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.

11. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

12. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.

13. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands.

14. Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.

15. Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

16. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany.

17. Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.

18. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA.

19. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

20. Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

21. Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.

22. Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.

23. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.

24. Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland.

25. California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107–1728, USA.

26. Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.

27. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.

28. Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.

29. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.

30. Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.

31. Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, University Hospital “Klinikum rechts der Isar,” 81675 Munich, Germany.

32. Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.

33. Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.

34. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden.

35. Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.

36. Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.

37. Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.

38. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.

39. Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.

40. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.

41. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

42. Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.

43. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157–1063, USA.

44. Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157–1063, USA.

45. Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.

46. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK.

47. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.

48. National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.

49. Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.

50. Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.

51. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HL Amsterdam, Netherlands.

52. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.

53. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.

54. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.

55. Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.

56. College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–4300, USA.

57. Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany.

58. Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia.

59. Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze, 50125 Florence, Italy.

60. Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.

61. Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

62. Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.

63. Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.

64. Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consejo de Investigación Nacional Italiano (CNR), Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.

65. Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 SS, Italy.

66. Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

67. Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

68. School of Public Policy, University College London, London WC1H 9QU, UK.

69. Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK.

70. Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.

71. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens 17671, Greece.

72. LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands.

73. Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.

74. Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00280, Finland.

75. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki 00250, Finland.

76. Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa 65130, Finland.

77. MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK.

78. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.

79. Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110–1093, USA.

80. Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands.

81. Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.

82. Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA.

83. Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

84. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.

85. Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland.

86. Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu 90101, Finland.

87. Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33520, Finland.

88. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.

89. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.

90. Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.

91. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland.

92. Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.

93. Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.

94. Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland.

95. Western Australia Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.

96. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.

97. Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8, Canada.

98. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.

99. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland.

100. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.

101. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.

102. Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0462, USA.

103. Chronic Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland.

104. School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.

105. Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.

106. Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

107. Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.

108. Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany.

109. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CB Rotterdam, Netherlands.

110. Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland.

111. Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland.

112. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany.

113. Klinikum Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany.

114. Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.

115. Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.

116. Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, Netherlands.

117. Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden.

118. Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, andBioethics, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

119. Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203–1003, USA.

120. Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centrer, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.

121. Panteia, Zoetermeer 2701 AA, Netherlands.

122. GSCM-Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34185, France.

123. Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.

124. Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

125. Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.

126. Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.

127. Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm 102 15, Sweden.

Abstract

Genetic College Many genomic elements in humans are associated with behavior, including educational attainment. In a genome-wide association study including more than 100,000 samples, Rietveld et al. (p. 1467 , published online 30 May; see the Perspective by Flint and Munafò ) looked for genes related to educational attainment in Caucasians. Small genetic effects at three loci appeared to impact educational attainment.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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