Primary Production in Antarctic Sea Ice-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Primary Production in Antarctic Sea Ice

Published:1997-04-18 Issue:5311 Volume:276 Page:394-397
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Arrigo Kevin R.¹²³⁴⁵,Worthen Denise L.¹²³⁴⁵,Lizotte Michael P.¹²³⁴⁵,Dixon Paul¹²³⁴⁵,Dieckmann Gerhard¹²³⁴⁵

Affiliation:

1. K. R. Arrigo, NASA Oceans and Ice Branch, Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 971.0, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.

2. D. L. Worthen, Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD 20706, USA.

3. M. P. Lizotte, Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA.

4. P. Dixon, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

5. G. Dieckmann, Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrasse, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.

Abstract

A numerical model shows that in Antarctic sea ice, increased flooding in regions with thick snow cover enhances primary production in the infiltration (surface) layer. Productivity in the freeboard (sea level) layer is also determined by sea ice porosity, which varies with temperature. Spatial and temporal variation in snow thickness and the proportion of first-year ice thus determine regional differences in sea ice primary production. Model results show that of the 40 teragrams of carbon produced annually in the Antarctic ice pack, 75 percent was associated with first-year ice and nearly 50 percent was produced in the Weddell Sea.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference22 articles.

1. H. J. Zwally et al. Antarctic Sea Ice 1973–1976: Satellite Passive Microwave Observations (SP-459 NASA Washington DC 1983).

2. Arrigo K. R., et al., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 98, 173 (1993).

3. Arrigo K. R., et al., ibid. 127, 255 (1995).

4. Stretch J. J., et al., ibid. 44, 131 (1988).

5. The model includes (i) atmospheric spectral radiation (400 to 700 nm) as a function of time date latitude and cloud cover; (ii) in-ice bio-optics; (iii) sea ice geophysics; and (iv) biological dynamics. Algal production was calculated at each vertical grid point as a function of temperature brine salinity photosynthetically usable radiation and nutrients. Algal accumulation was reduced by a loss term that included the effects of death zooplankton grazing and sinking. Additional details can be found in (6) and (7). The model grid is based on the special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) with a horizontal resolution of 625 km 2 . The infiltration and internal freeboard layers were 0.02 m and 0.10 m thick respectively. A uniform ice layer (0.10 m thick) separated the infiltration and freeboard layers. Layer thicknesses were held constant for the length of the integration. Ice thickness below the freeboard layer was variable and was used to distinguish first-year from multiyear ice. First-year ice had a total thickness of 0.75 m whereas the thickest multiyear ice was 1.50 m. The initial distribution of multiyear ice was determined from the minimum ice extent in February 1989. The model was initialized on 1 October 1989 with a uniform chlorophyll a concentration of 1 mg m –3 . During the integration period any multiyear ice that disappeared and then reappeared did so as first-year ice with an initial chlorophyll a concentration of 1 mg m –3 . The model was run with 1-hour time steps at a vertical resolution of 0.5 cm in the infiltration layer and 1 cm in the freeboard layer.

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