High-resolution comparative analysis of great ape genomes

Author:

Kronenberg Zev N.1,Fiddes Ian T.2ORCID,Gordon David13ORCID,Murali Shwetha13,Cantsilieris Stuart1,Meyerson Olivia S.4ORCID,Underwood Jason G.15,Nelson Bradley J.1ORCID,Chaisson Mark J. P.16,Dougherty Max L.1ORCID,Munson Katherine M.1ORCID,Hastie Alex R.7ORCID,Diekhans Mark2ORCID,Hormozdiari Fereydoun8,Lorusso Nicola9ORCID,Hoekzema Kendra1,Qiu Ruolan1,Clark Karen10,Raja Archana13,Welch AnneMarie E.1,Sorensen Melanie1ORCID,Baker Carl1,Fulton Robert S.11,Armstrong Joel2ORCID,Graves-Lindsay Tina A.11,Denli Ahmet M.12ORCID,Hoppe Emma R.1ORCID,Hsieh PingHsun1ORCID,Hill Christopher M.1ORCID,Pang Andy Wing Chun7ORCID,Lee Joyce7ORCID,Lam Ernest T.7,Dutcher Susan K.11ORCID,Gage Fred H.12ORCID,Warren Wesley C.11ORCID,Shendure Jay13ORCID,Haussler David213ORCID,Schneider Valerie A.10,Cao Han7ORCID,Ventura Mario9ORCID,Wilson Richard K.11,Paten Benedict2,Pollen Alex414ORCID,Eichler Evan E.13ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

2. UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

3. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

4. Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

5. Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) of California, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.

6. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.

7. Bionano Genomics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.

8. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA.

9. Department of Biology, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, Bari 70121, Italy.

10. National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.

11. Departments of Medicine and Genetics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.

12. The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

13. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

14. Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Abstract

A spotlight on great ape genomes Most nonhuman primate genomes generated to date have been “humanized” owing to their many gaps and the reliance on guidance by the reference human genome. To remove this humanizing effect, Kronenberg et al. generated and assembled long-read genomes of a chimpanzee, an orangutan, and two humans and compared them with a previously generated gorilla genome. This analysis recognized genomic structural variation specific to humans and particular ape lineages. Comparisons between human and chimpanzee cerebral organoids showed down-regulation of the expression of specific genes in humans, relative to chimpanzees, related to noncoding variation identified in this analysis. Science , this issue p. eaar6343

Funder

National Institutes of Health

Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

National Health and Medical Research Council

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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