1. Bottenheim J. W., Gallant A. C., Brice K. A., Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 113 (1986).
2. Oltmanns S. J., Komhyr W. D., J. Geophys. Res. 91, 5229 (1986).
3. Wayne R. P., et al., Atmos. Environ. 29, 2675 (1995).
4. Active bromine and active chlorine are most likely released (11 21) from sea salt deposits or sea salt aerosol which normally contain (by weight) 55.7% Cl – 0.19% Br – and 2 × 10 –5 % I – . Different heterogeneous release mechanisms have been proposed: (i) Reaction of nitrogen oxides (NO 2 or N 2 O 5 ) with NaBr can form BrNO or BrNO 2 which are easily photolyzed forming Br (22). (ii) The oxidation by OH of the HBr that has been released from aerosols by acidification through H 2 SO 4 or HNO 3 is probably too slow to be important. (iii) An autocatalytic process may be important in which HOBr adsorbed on an acidic salt surface undergoes several reactions involving Br – (21 23 24). The Br 2 formed in these reactions is released into the gas phase and can be photolyzed and converted into two HOBr molecules. If <50% of the oxidized bromine is lost from the autocatalytic cycle an effective release process will take place. This mechanism is suspected to occur on sea ice surfaces or in aerosol during Arctic spring (or both). Bromine atoms can also be formed by photolysis of alkyl bromides such as CH 3 Br emitted from algae in the ocean. This source is probably negligible in the Arctic spring and at the Dead Sea.
5. Hausmann M., Platt U., J. Geophys. Res. 99, 399 (1994).