1. Trophic Cascades Program, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
3. Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
4. Centre for Integrative Ecology and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
5. Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula MT, 59812, USA, and Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
6. Department of Organismic Biology and Ecology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
7. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
8. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
9. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
10. Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Post Office Box 168, Mammoth, WY 82190, USA.
11. School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
12. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.