Plutonium and Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel

Author:

von Hippel Frank N.1

Affiliation:

1. The author is in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference20 articles.

1. National Energy Policy (The White House May 2001) 5–17; available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/.

2. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission projected in 1974 that by the year 2000 U.S. nuclear-powered generating capacity would be over 1000 GWe (10 12 Watts electric) with more than 100 GWe being added annually [ Proposed Final Environmental Statement on the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Program (WASH-1535 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington DC 1974) Fig. 11.2 to 11.23]. Today U.S. nuclear capacity has plateaued at about 100 GWe.

3. Between January 1978 and May 2001 the unrestricted spot price of natural uranium declined from about $261 to $19 per kg in constant U.S. GDP-deflated May 2001 dollars [ Nukem Market Report (June) p. 220 (2001)].

4. Estimated costs in constant 1992 U.S. dollars for reprocessing in a newly constructed plant increased from about $100/kg of heavy metal in the early 1970s to $2000 in the 1990s [ Nuclear Wastes: Technologies for Separations and Transmutation (National Academy Press Washington DC 1996) p. 117]. The 1990s cost corresponds to about $300/g of contained chain-reacting plutonium (plutonium-239 and plutonium-241) in 10-year-old spent fuel. Global reserves of natural uranium recoverable at costs of up to $20/g uranium-235 would last over 60 years at current rates of consumption.

5. Uranium 1999: Resources Production and Demand (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency Paris 2000)].

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