Herbivory limits success of vegetation restoration globally

Author:

Xu Changlin1ORCID,Silliman Brian R.2ORCID,Chen Jianshe1ORCID,Li Xincheng1ORCID,Thomsen Mads S.34ORCID,Zhang Qun1ORCID,Lee Juhyung56ORCID,Lefcheck Jonathan S.78ORCID,Daleo Pedro9ORCID,Hughes Brent B.10,Jones Holly P.11ORCID,Wang Rong12ORCID,Wang Shaopeng13ORCID,Smith Carter S.2ORCID,Xi Xinqiang14,Altieri Andrew H.15ORCID,van de Koppel Johan1617ORCID,Palmer Todd M.18ORCID,Liu Lingli19ORCID,Wu Jihua20ORCID,Li Bo21ORCID,He Qiang1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

2. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA.

3. Marine Ecology Research Group and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

4. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.

5. Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, USA.

6. Department of Oceanography and Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

7. Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA.

8. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA.

9. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), UNMdP, CONICETC, Mar del Plata, Argentina.

10. Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA.

11. Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.

12. School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.

13. Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.

14. Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

15. Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

16. Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, Netherlands.

17. Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.

18. Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

19. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

20. State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.

21. Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.

Abstract

Restoring vegetation in degraded ecosystems is an increasingly common practice for promoting biodiversity and ecological function, but successful implementation is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the processes that limit restoration success. By synthesizing terrestrial and aquatic studies globally (2594 experimental tests from 610 articles), we reveal substantial herbivore control of vegetation under restoration. Herbivores at restoration sites reduced vegetation abundance more strongly (by 89%, on average) than those at relatively undegraded sites and suppressed, rather than fostered, plant diversity. These effects were particularly pronounced in regions with higher temperatures and lower precipitation. Excluding targeted herbivores temporarily or introducing their predators improved restoration by magnitudes similar to or greater than those achieved by managing plant competition or facilitation. Thus, managing herbivory is a promising strategy for enhancing vegetation restoration efforts.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference685 articles.

1. The growing challenge of vegetation change

2. Blue carbon as a natural climate solution

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5. Ecological Theory and Community Restoration Ecology

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