1. Howells J., Research and Technology Outsourcing[Center for Research on Innovation and Competition (CRIC), Discussion Paper 6, University of Manchester, UK, 1997]; see http://les1.man.ac.uk/cric/papers.htm.
2. Sheehan J. “Changing business strategies for R&D and their implications for science and technology policy: OECD background and issues paper” [OECD Document DSTP/STP(2001)29 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Paris 2001]; see www.oecd.org/pdf/M00020000/M00020033.pdf.
3. The figures vary across countries with the United States close to the average and Germany as high as ∼11%.
4. Larsen C. F., “R&D in industry 1999” (Industrial Research Institute, Washington, DC, 2000), p. 6www.iriinc.org/webiri/publications/99aaasreport2.doc.
5. Coombs R., Ford R., Georghiou L., Generation and Selection of Successful Research Projects: Research Study for the Technology Strategy Forum (2001)available at http://les.man.ac.uk/PREST/TSF/.