Observation of a large-scale anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above 8 × 10
18
eV
Author:
, Aab A.1, Abreu P.2, Aglietta M.34, Al Samarai I.5, Albuquerque I. F. M.6, Allekotte I.7, Almela A.89, Alvarez Castillo J.10, Alvarez-Muñiz J.11, Anastasi G. A.1213, Anchordoqui L.14, Andrada B.8, Andringa S.2, Aramo C.15, Arqueros F.16, Arsene N.17, Asorey H.718, Assis P.2, Aublin J.5, Avila G.1920, Badescu A. M.21, Balaceanu A.22, Barbato F.23, Barreira Luz R. J.2, Beatty J. J.24, Becker K. H.25, Bellido J. A.26, Berat C.27, Bertaina M. E.428, Bertou X.7, Biermann P. L.29, Billoir P.5, Biteau J.30, Blaess S. G.26, Blanco A.2, Blazek J.31, Bleve C.3233, Boháčová M.31, Boncioli D.13, Bonifazi C.34, Borodai N.35, Botti A. M.836, Brack J.37, Brancus I.22, Bretz T.38, Bridgeman A.36, Briechle F. L.38, Buchholz P.39, Bueno A.40, Buitink S.1, Buscemi M.4142, Caballero-Mora K. S.43, Caccianiga L., Cancio A.89, Canfora F.1, Caramete L.17, Caruso R.4142, Castellina A.34, Cataldi G.33, Cazon L.2, Chavez A. G.44, Chinellato J. A.45, Chudoba J.31, Clay R. W.26, Cobos A.8, Colalillo R.1523, Coleman A.46, Collica L.4, Coluccia M. R.3233, Conceição R.2, Consolati G.47, Contreras F.1920, Cooper M. J.26, Coutu S.46, Covault C. E.48, Cronin J.49, D’Amico S.3350, Daniel B.45, Dasso S.5152, Daumiller K.36, Dawson B. R.26, de Almeida R. M.53, de Jong S. J.154, De Mauro G.1, de Mello Neto J. R. T.34, De Mitri I.3233, de Oliveira J.53, de Souza V.55, Debatin J.36, Deligny O.30, Di Giulio C.5657, Di Matteo A.1358, Díaz Castro M. L.45, Diogo F.2, Dobrigkeit C.45, D’Olivo J. C.10, Dorosti Q.39, dos Anjos R. C.59, Dova M. T.60, Dundovic A.61, Ebr J.31, Engel R.36, Erdmann M.38, Erfani M.39, Escobar C. O.62, Espadanal J.2, Etchegoyen A.89, Falcke H.15463, Farrar G.64, Fauth A. C.45, Fazzini N.62, Fenu F.28, Fick B.65, Figueira J. M.8, Filipčič A.6667, Fratu O.21, Freire M. M.68, Fujii T.49, Fuster A.89, Gaior R.5, García B.69, Garcia-Pinto D.16, Gaté F.70, Gemmeke H.71, Gherghel-Lascu A.22, Ghia P. L.30, Giaccari U.34, Giammarchi M.72, Giller M.73, Głas D.74, Glaser C.38, Golup G.7, Gómez Berisso M.7, Gómez Vitale P. F.1920, González N.836, Gorgi A.34, Gorham P.75, Grillo A. F.13, Grubb T. D.26, Guarino F.1523, Guedes G. P.76, Hampel M. R.8, Hansen P.60, Harari D.7, Harrison T. A.26, Harton J. L.37, Haungs A.36, Hebbeker T.38, Heck D.36, Heimann P.39, Herve A. E.77, Hill G. C.26, Hojvat C.62, Holt E.836, Homola P.35, Hörandel J. R.154, Horvath P.78, Hrabovský M.78, Huege T.36, Hulsman J.836, Insolia A.4142, Isar P. G.17, Jandt I.25, Jansen S.154, Johnsen J. A.79, Josebachuili M.8, Jurysek J.31, Kääpä A.25, Kambeitz O.77, Kampert K. H.25, Katkov I.77, Keilhauer B.36, Kemmerich N.6, Kemp E.45, Kemp J.38, Kieckhafer R. M.65, Klages H. O.36, Kleifges M.71, Kleinfeller J.19, Krause R.38, Krohm N.25, Kuempel D.2538, Kukec Mezek G.67, Kunka N.71, Kuotb Awad A.36, LaHurd D.48, Lauscher M.38, Legumina R.73, de Oliveira M. A. Leigui80, Letessier-Selvon A.5, Lhenry-Yvon I.30, Link K.77, Lo Presti D.41, Lopes L.2, López R.81, López Casado A.11, Luce Q.30, Lucero A.89, Malacari M.49, Mallamaci M.4772, Mandat D.31, Mantsch P.62, Mariazzi A. G.60, Mariş I. C.82, Marsella G.3233, Martello D.3233, Martinez H.83, Martínez Bravo O.81, Masías Meza J. J.52, Mathes H. J.36, Mathys S.25, Matthews J.84, Matthews J. A. J.85, Matthiae G.5657, Mayotte E.25, Mazur P. O.62, Medina C.79, Medina-Tanco G.10, Melo D.8, Menshikov A.71, Merenda K.-D.79, Michal S.78, Micheletti M. I.68, Middendorf L.38, Miramonti L.4772, Mitrica B.22, Mockler D.77, Mollerach S.7, Montanet F.27, Morello C.34, Mostafá M.46, Müller A. L.836, Müller G.38, Muller M. A.4586, Müller S.836, Mussa R.4, Naranjo I.7, Nellen L.10, Nguyen P. H.26, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M.22, Niechciol M.39, Niemietz L.25, Niggemann T.38, Nitz D.65, Nosek D.87, Novotny V.87, Nožka L.78, Núñez L. A.18, Ochilo L.39, Oikonomou F.46, Olinto A.49, Palatka M.31, Pallotta J.88, Papenbreer P.25, Parente G.11, Parra A.81, Paul T.1489, Pech M.31, Pedreira F.11, Pkala J.35, Pelayo R.90, Peña-Rodriguez J.18, Pereira L. A. S.45, Perlín M.8, Perrone L.3233, Peters C.38, Petrera S.1213, Phuntsok J.46, Piegaia R.52, Pierog T.36, Pieroni P.52, Pimenta M.2, Pirronello V.4142, Platino M.8, Plum M.38, Porowski C.35, Prado R. R.55, Privitera P.49, Prouza M.31, Quel E. J.88, Querchfeld S.25, Quinn S.48, Ramos-Pollan R.18, Rautenberg J.25, Ravignani D.8, Revenu B.70, Ridky J.31, Riehn F.2, Risse M.39, Ristori P.88, Rizi V.1358, de Carvalho W. Rodrigues6, Rodriguez Fernandez G.5657, Rodriguez Rojo J.19, Rogozin D.36, Roncoroni M. J.8, Roth M.36, Roulet E.7, Rovero A. C.51, Ruehl P.39, Saffi S. J.26, Saftoiu A.22, Salamida F.58, Salazar H.81, Saleh A.67, Salesa Greus F.46, Salina G.57, Sánchez F.8, Sanchez-Lucas P.40, Santos E. M.6, Santos E.8, Sarazin F.79, Sarmento R.2, Sarmiento C. A.8, Sato R.19, Schauer M.25, Scherini V.33, Schieler H.36, Schimp M.25, Schmidt D.836, Scholten O.9192, Schovánek P.31, Schröder F. G.36, Schulz A.77, Schumacher J.38, Sciutto S. J.60, Segreto A.4293, Settimo M.5, Shadkam A.84, Shellard R. C.94, Sigl G.61, Silli G.836, Sima O.95, Śmiałkowski A.73, Šmída R.36, Snow G. R.96, Sommers P.46, Sonntag S.39, Sorokin J.26, Squartini R.19, Stanca D.22, Stanič S.67, Stasielak J.35, Stassi P.27, Strafella F.3233, Suarez F.89, Suarez Durán M.18, Sudholz T.26, Suomijärvi T.30, Supanitsky A. D.51, Šupík J.78, Swain J.89, Szadkowski Z.74, Taboada A.77, Taborda O. A.7, Tapia A.8, Theodoro V. M.45, Timmermans C.154, Todero Peixoto C. J.97, Tomankova L.36, Tomé B.2, Torralba Elipe G.11, Travnicek P.31, Trini M.67, Ulrich R.36, Unger M.36, Urban M.38, Valdés Galicia J. F.10, Valiño I.11, Valore L.1523, van Aar G.1, van Bodegom P.26, van den Berg A. M.91, van Vliet A.1, Varela E.81, Vargas Cárdenas B.10, Varner G.75, Vázquez R. A.11, Veberič D.36, Ventura C.34, Vergara Quispe I. D.60, Verzi V.57, Vicha J.31, Villaseñor L.44, Vorobiov S.67, Wahlberg H.60, Wainberg O.89, Walz D.38, Watson A. A.98, Weber M.71, Weindl A.36, Wiencke L.79, Wilczyński H.35, Wirtz M.38, Wittkowski D.25, Wundheiler B.8, Yang L.67, Yushkov A.8, Zas E.11, Zavrtanik D.6667, Zavrtanik M.6667, Zepeda A.83, Zimmermann B.71, Ziolkowski M.39, Zong Z.30, Zuccarello F.4142
Affiliation:
1. IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2. Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas and Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 3. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy. 4. INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy. 5. Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France. 6. Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 7. Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos deBariloche, Argentina. 8. Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina. 9. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional–Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 10. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México. 11. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 12. Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L’Aquila, Italy. 13. INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila),Italy. 14. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA. 15. INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy. 16. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 17. Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania. 18. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 19. Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina. 20. Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina. 21. University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. 22. “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania. 23. Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini,” Napoli, Italy. 24. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. 25. Department of Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany. 26. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia. 27. Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/ IN2P3, Grenoble, France. 28. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Torino, Torino, Italy. 29. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany. 30. Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris/Saclay, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France. 31. Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. 32. Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy. 33. INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy. 34. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 35. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland. 36. Karlsruhe Institute of Universidad Nacional Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany. 37. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. 38. III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. 39. Fachbereich 7 Physik–Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany. 40. Universidad de Granada and CAFPE, Granada, Spain. 41. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy. 42. INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy. 43. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. 44. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México. 45. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil. 46. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. 47. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy. 48. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. 49. Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 50. Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy. 51. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. 52. Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 53. Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil. 54. Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 55. Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. 56. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, Italy. 57. INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, Italy. 58. Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy. 59. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil. 60. IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina. 61. II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. 62. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA. 63. Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, Netherlands. 64. New York University, New York, NY, USA. 65. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA. 66. Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. 67. Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia. 68. Instituto de Física de Rosario–CONICET/ UNR and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas UNR, Rosario, Argentina. 69. Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional–Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina. 70. SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. 71. Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany. 72. INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy. 73. Faculty of Astrophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland. 74. Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland. 75. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA. 76. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil. 77. Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany. 78. Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic. 79. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA. 80. Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil. 81. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México. 82. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. 83. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México. 84. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. 85. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. 86. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. 87. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. 88. Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina. 89. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. 90. Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México. 91. KVI–Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 92. Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium. 93. INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Palermo, Italy. 94. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 95. Physics Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. 96. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA. 97. Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil. 98. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Abstract
High-energy particles are extragalactic
Cosmic rays are high-energy particles arriving from space; some have energies far beyond those that human-made particle accelerators can achieve. The sources of higher-energy cosmic rays remain under debate, although we know that lower-energy cosmic rays come from the solar wind. The Pierre Auger Collaboration reports the observation of thousands of cosmic rays with ultrahigh energies of several exa–electron volts (about a Joule per particle), arriving in a slightly dipolar distribution (see the Perspective by Gallagher and Halzen). The direction of the rays indicates that the particles originated in other galaxies and not from nearby sources within our own Milky Way Galaxy.
Science
, this issue p.
1266
; see also p.
1240
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Subject
Multidisciplinary
Cited by
284 articles.
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