1. Interlaboratory Working Group Scenarios of U.S. Carbon Reductions: Potential Impacts of Energy-Efficient and Low-Carbon Technologies by 2010 and Beyond [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Berkeley CA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Oak Ridge TN September 1997 (LBNL-40533 and ORNL/CON-444)]. Available at www.ornl.gov/ORNL/Energy_Eff/CON444 or http://eande.lbl.gov/EE.html.
2. Recent results of a new forecast by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) suggest that larger carbon reductions are needed in 2010 to achieve 1990 levels [ Annual Energy Outlook 1998 (EIA U.S. DOE Washington DC December 1997)]. This new forecast does not substantially change the results discussed here.
3. Fifty dollars per mt of carbon corresponds to 12.5 cents per gallon of gasoline or 0.5 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) for electricity produced from natural gas at 53% efficiency (or 1.3 cents per kWh for coal at 34% efficiency). Depending on the nature of the trading system for carbon permits the consumer may see only a portion of these charges.
4. The carbon saved by improved efficiencies in the use of electricity in industry and buildings depends on the carbon intensity of the electricity avoided. The analysis apportioned the savings between end use and electricity supply.
5. Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Energy R&D: Shaping Our Nation's Future in a Competitive World (U.S. DOE, Washington, DC, 1995).