1. R. D. Alward, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. J. K. Detling, Department of Biology and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. D. G. Milchunas, Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.