1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Post Office Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
2. South American Institute for Resilience and Sustainability Studies (SARAS), Maldonado, Uruguay.
3. To whom correspondence should be addressed.
4. Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
5. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK.
6. Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain.
7. Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
8. Spatial Ecology Department, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Post Office Box 140, 4400AC, Yerseke, Netherlands.
9. Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands.
10. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544–1003, USA.
11. University of Michigan and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2045 Kraus Natural Science Building, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–1048, USA.
12. Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.