The landscape of tolerated genetic variation in humans and primates

Author:

Gao Hong1ORCID,Hamp Tobias1,Ede Jeffrey1,Schraiber Joshua G.1,McRae Jeremy1ORCID,Singer-Berk Moriel2ORCID,Yang Yanshen1,Dietrich Anastasia S. D.1ORCID,Fiziev Petko P.1ORCID,Kuderna Lukas F. K.13ORCID,Sundaram Laksshman1ORCID,Wu Yibing1,Adhikari Aashish1ORCID,Field Yair1ORCID,Chen Chen1,Batzoglou Serafim1,Aguet Francois1ORCID,Lemire Gabrielle24,Reimers Rebecca45,Balick Daniel56ORCID,Janiak Mareike C.7ORCID,Kuhlwilm Martin389ORCID,Orkin Joseph D.310ORCID,Manu Shivakumara1112ORCID,Valenzuela Alejandro3ORCID,Bergman Juraj1314ORCID,Rousselle Marjolaine13ORCID,Silva Felipe Ennes1516ORCID,Agueda Lidia17ORCID,Blanc Julie17ORCID,Gut Marta17ORCID,de Vries Dorien7ORCID,Goodhead Ian7ORCID,Harris R. Alan18ORCID,Raveendran Muthuswamy18ORCID,Jensen Axel19ORCID,Chuma Idriss S.20ORCID,Horvath Julie E.2122232425ORCID,Hvilsom Christina26ORCID,Juan David3ORCID,Frandsen Peter26ORCID,de Melo Fabiano R.27ORCID,Bertuol Fabrício28ORCID,Byrne Hazel29ORCID,Sampaio Iracilda30,Farias Izeni28ORCID,do Amaral João Valsecchi313233ORCID,Messias Mariluce3435ORCID,da Silva Maria N. F.36ORCID,Trivedi Mihir12,Rossi Rogerio37ORCID,Hrbek Tomas2838ORCID,Andriaholinirina Nicole39,Rabarivola Clément J.39,Zaramody Alphonse39,Jolly Clifford J.40,Phillips-Conroy Jane41ORCID,Wilkerson Gregory42ORCID,Abee Christian42,Simmons Joe H.42ORCID,Fernandez-Duque Eduardo4344ORCID,Kanthaswamy Sree45,Shiferaw Fekadu46,Wu Dongdong47ORCID,Zhou Long48ORCID,Shao Yong47ORCID,Zhang Guojie4849475051ORCID,Keyyu Julius D.52ORCID,Knauf Sascha53ORCID,Le Minh D.54ORCID,Lizano Esther355ORCID,Merker Stefan56ORCID,Navarro Arcadi3575859ORCID,Bataillon Thomas13ORCID,Nadler Tilo60,Khor Chiea Chuen61,Lee Jessica62ORCID,Tan Patrick616364ORCID,Lim Weng Khong636465ORCID,Kitchener Andrew C.6667ORCID,Zinner Dietmar686970ORCID,Gut Ivo1771ORCID,Melin Amanda727374ORCID,Guschanski Katerina1975ORCID,Schierup Mikkel Heide13ORCID,Beck Robin M. D.7ORCID,Umapathy Govindhaswamy1112ORCID,Roos Christian76ORCID,Boubli Jean P.7ORCID,Lek Monkol77,Sunyaev Shamil56ORCID,O’Donnell-Luria Anne2478ORCID,Rehm Heidi L.27779ORCID,Xu Jinbo180ORCID,Rogers Jeffrey18ORCID,Marques-Bonet Tomas3175557ORCID,Farh Kyle Kai-How1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.

2. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.

3. Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

4. Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

5. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

6. Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

7. School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK.

8. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

9. Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

10. Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, 3150 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada.

11. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.

12. Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India.

13. Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.

14. Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.

15. Research Group on Primate Biology and Conservation, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development, Estrada da Bexiga 2584, Tefé, Amazonas, CEP 69553-225, Brazil.

16. Evolutionary Biology and Ecology (EBE), Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

17. CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

18. Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

19. Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.

20. Tanzania National Parks, Arusha, Tanzania.

21. North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA.

22. Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.

23. Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

24. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

25. Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

26. Copenhagen Zoo, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.

27. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil.

28. Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.

29. Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA.

30. Universidade Federal do Para, Guamá, Belém - PA, 66075-110, Brazil.

31. Research Group on Terrestrial Vertebrate Ecology, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development, Tefé, Amazonas, 69553-225, Brazil.

32. Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia – RedeFauna, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.

33. Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica – ComFauna, Iquitos, Loreto, 16001, Peru.

34. Universidade Federal de Rondonia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, 78900-000, Brazil.

35. PPGREN - Programa de Pós-Graduação “Conservação e Uso dos Recursos Naturais and BIONORTE - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, 78900-000, Brazil.

36. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Petrópolis, Manaus - AM, 69067-375, Brazil.

37. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá - MT, 78060-900, Brazil.

38. Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA.

39. Life Sciences and Environment, Technology and Environment of Mahajanga, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, 401, Madagascar.

40. New York University, New York City, NY 10012, USA.

41. Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.

42. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

43. Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

44. Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Argentina Fundacion ECO, Formosa, Argentina.

45. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.

46. Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center Ethiopia, PoB 16316, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia.

47. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.

48. Center for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.

49. Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

50. Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China.

51. Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou 310006, China.

52. Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Head Office, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania.

53. Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald - Insei Riems, Germany.

54. Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science and Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.

55. Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.

56. Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany.

57. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.

58. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Doctor Aiguader, N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

59. BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C. Wellington 30, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.

60. Cuc Phuong Commune, Nho Quan District, Ninh Binh Province 430000, Vietnam.

61. Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore.

62. Mandai Nature, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 729826, Republic of Singapore.

63. SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine (PRISM), Singapore 168582, Republic of Singapore.

64. Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 168582, Republic of Singapore.

65. SingHealth Duke-NUS Genomic Medicine Centre, Singapore 168582, Republic of Singapore.

66. Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK.

67. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK.

68. Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

69. Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

70. Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

71. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Pg. Luís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.

72. Department of Anthropology & Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.

73. Department of Medical Genetics, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 202, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.

74. Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.

75. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK.

76. Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

77. Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

78. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

79. Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

80. Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Abstract

Personalized genome sequencing has revealed millions of genetic differences between individuals, but our understanding of their clinical relevance remains largely incomplete. To systematically decipher the effects of human genetic variants, we obtained whole-genome sequencing data for 809 individuals from 233 primate species and identified 4.3 million common protein-altering variants with orthologs in humans. We show that these variants can be inferred to have nondeleterious effects in humans based on their presence at high allele frequencies in other primate populations. We use this resource to classify 6% of all possible human protein-altering variants as likely benign and impute the pathogenicity of the remaining 94% of variants with deep learning, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy for diagnosing pathogenic variants in patients with genetic diseases.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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