Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study

Author:

Gelfand Michele J.1,Raver Jana L.2,Nishii Lisa3,Leslie Lisa M.4,Lun Janetta1,Lim Beng Chong5,Duan Lili6,Almaliach Assaf7,Ang Soon8,Arnadottir Jakobina9,Aycan Zeynep10,Boehnke Klaus11,Boski Pawel12,Cabecinhas Rosa13,Chan Darius14,Chhokar Jagdeep15,D’Amato Alessia16,Ferrer Montse17,Fischlmayr Iris C.18,Fischer Ronald19,Fülöp Marta20,Georgas James21,Kashima Emiko S.22,Kashima Yoshishima23,Kim Kibum24,Lempereur Alain25,Marquez Patricia26,Othman Rozhan27,Overlaet Bert28,Panagiotopoulou Penny29,Peltzer Karl30,Perez-Florizno Lorena R.31,Ponomarenko Larisa32,Realo Anu33,Schei Vidar34,Schmitt Manfred35,Smith Peter B.36,Soomro Nazar37,Szabo Erna18,Taveesin Nalinee38,Toyama Midori39,Van de Vliert Evert40,Vohra Naharika41,Ward Colleen42,Yamaguchi Susumu43

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

2. Queen’s School of Business, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.

3. Cornell University Industrial Labor Relations School, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

4. Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

5. Ministry of Defense, Singapore and Nanyang Business School, Defense Technology Towers, 5 Depot Road, #16-01 Tower B, Singapore.

6. McKinsey & Company, Washington, DC 20036, USA.

7. BIP Institute of Psychology Ltd., Vita Towers, 11 Ben-Gurion Street, Bney-Brak 51260, Israel.

8. Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.

9. Kaplaskjolsvegur 29, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.

10. Department of Psychology, Koc University, Sariyer 34450, Turkey.

11. Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.

12. Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815 Warsaw, Poland.

13. University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.

14. Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3rd Floor, Sino Building, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.

15. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad-380015, India.

16. CENTRUM Catolica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima 33, Peru.

17. Social Psychology Department, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.

18. Johannes Kepler University, Institute for International Management, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.

19. School of Psychology, Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.

20. Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Victor Hugo Street 18-22, Budapest 1132, Hungary.

21. University of Athens, 11 Herodou Attikou, Athens 106 74, Greece.

22. School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.

23. Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.

24. School of Social Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Myungryun-dong 3 ga, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-745, Korea.

25. ESSEC Business School, Av. Bernard Hirsch, B.P. 50105, 95021 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France.

26. University of San Diego, 235 Olin Hall, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.

27. 21 Jalan 5C/6, 43650 B B Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.

28. KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 67, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.

29. University of Patras, 26500 Rio, Patras, Greece.

30. Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.

31. Investigadora Colegio de la Fontera Norte, Km 18.5 carretera escénica Tijuana - Ensenada, San Antonio del Mar, Tijuana, Baja California C.P. 22560, México.

32. Psychology Department, Odessa National University, Dvorianskaya str. 2, Odessa 67027, Ukraine.

33. Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410, Estonia.

34. Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Breiviksveien 40, 5045 Bergen, Norway.

35. Universität Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.

36. Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.

37. Department of Psychological Testing, Guidance and Research, University of Sindh, Elsa Kazi Campus, Hyderabad 71000, Pakistan.

38. 33 Soonvijai 4, Bangkok 10310, Thailand.

39. Department of Psychology Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.

40. University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, Netherlands.

41. Indian Institute of Management, Wing 12, IIM Campus, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380015, India.

42. School of Psychology, P.O. Box 600, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.

43. Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.

Abstract

The differences across cultures in the enforcement of conformity may reflect their specific histories.

Funder

National Science Foundation

Army Research Office

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference20 articles.

1. Herodotus The Histories (Oxford New York 1998; R. Waterfield Transl.).

2. The difference between ‘tight’ and ‘loose’ societies;Pelto P. J.;Trans Action,1968

3. Relation of child training to subsistence economy;Barry H.;Am. Anthropol.,1959

4. J. W. Berry Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 12 177 (1979)

5. Culture and basic psychological processes--Toward a system view of culture: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002).

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