1. The ENSO cycle is an irregular oscillation of the climate system with a period of roughly 3 to 4 years. It consists of a warm phase El Niño and a cold phase La Niña.
2. National Research Council Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program (National Academy Press Washington DC 1996);
3. McPhaden M. J., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 14169 (1998).
4. Models Win Big in Forecasting El Niño
5. Trenberth K. E., CLIVAR-Exchanges 3, 4 (1998).