The genomic history and global expansion of domestic donkeys

Author:

Todd Evelyn T.1ORCID,Tonasso-Calvière Laure1,Chauvey Loreleï1ORCID,Schiavinato Stéphanie1,Fages Antoine1ORCID,Seguin-Orlando Andaine1,Clavel Pierre1ORCID,Khan Naveed12ORCID,Pérez Pardal Lucía34ORCID,Patterson Rosa Laura5ORCID,Librado Pablo1ORCID,Ringbauer Harald6,Verdugo Marta7ORCID,Southon John8,Aury Jean-Marc9ORCID,Perdereau Aude9ORCID,Vila Emmanuelle10ORCID,Marzullo Matilde11ORCID,Prato Ornella11,Tecchiati Umberto11ORCID,Bagnasco Gianni Giovanna11,Tagliacozzo Antonio12ORCID,Tinè Vincenzo13,Alhaique Francesca12ORCID,Cardoso João Luís1415,Valente Maria João16,Telles Antunes Miguel17,Frantz Laurent1819ORCID,Shapiro Beth2021ORCID,Bradley Daniel G.7ORCID,Boulbes Nicolas22ORCID,Gardeisen Armelle23,Horwitz Liora Kolska24,Öztan Aliye25,Arbuckle Benjamin S.26ORCID,Onar Vedat27ORCID,Clavel Benoît28,Lepetz Sébastien28ORCID,Vahdati Ali Akbar29ORCID,Davoudi Hossein30ORCID,Mohaseb Azadeh2830ORCID,Mashkour Marjan283031,Bouchez Olivier32,Donnadieu Cécile32ORCID,Wincker Patrick9,Brooks Samantha A.33ORCID,Beja-Pereira Albano343435ORCID,Wu Dong-Dong3637ORCID,Orlando Ludovic1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France.

2. Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.

3. CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal.

4. BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal.

5. Department of Animal Science, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX 79830, USA.

6. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.

7. Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland.

8. Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

9. Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry 91042, France.

10. Laboratoire Archéorient, Université Lyon 2, Lyon 69007, France.

11. Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy.

12. Bioarchaeology Service, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome 00144, Italy.

13. Soprintendenza archeologia belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Verona, Rovigo e Vicenza, Verona 37121, Italy.

14. ICArEHB, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.

15. Universidade Aberta, Lisbon 1269-001, Portugal.

16. Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património, Universidade do Algarve, Faro 8000-117, Portugal.

17. Centre for Research on Science and Geological Engineering, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon 1099-085, Portugal.

18. Palaeogenomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich 80539, Germany.

19. School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4DQ, United Kingdom.

20. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

21. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

22. Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Fondation Albert Ier, Paris / UMR 7194 HNHP, MNHN-CNRS-UPVD / EPCC Centre Européen de Recherche Préhistorique, Tautavel 66720, France.

23. Archéologie des Sociétés Méditéranéennes, Université Paul Valéry - Site Saint-Charles 2, Montpellier 34090, France.

24. National Natural History Collections, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.

25. Archaeology Department, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.

26. Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

27. Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey.

28. Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France.

29. Provincial Office of the Iranian Center for Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organisation, North Khorassan, Bojnord 9416745775, Iran.

30. Archaezoology section, Bioarchaeology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran.

31. Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, Tehran 1136918111, Iran.

32. GeT-PlaGe - Génome et Transcriptome - Plateforme Génomique, GET - Plateforme Génome & Transcriptome, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Castaneet-Tolosan Cedex 31326, France.

33. Department of Animal Science, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.

34. DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.

35. Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre (GreenUPorto), Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-646, Portugal.

36. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.

37. Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.

Abstract

Donkeys transformed human history as essential beasts of burden for long-distance movement, especially across semi-arid and upland environments. They remain insufficiently studied despite globally expanding and providing key support to low- to middle-income communities. To elucidate their domestication history, we constructed a comprehensive genome panel of 207 modern and 31 ancient donkeys, as well as 15 wild equids. We found a strong phylogeographic structure in modern donkeys that supports a single domestication in Africa ~5000 BCE, followed by further expansions in this continent and Eurasia and ultimately returning to Africa. We uncover a previously unknown genetic lineage in the Levant ~200 BCE, which contributed increasing ancestry toward Asia. Donkey management involved inbreeding and the production of giant bloodlines at a time when mules were essential to the Roman economy and military.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference136 articles.

1. P. Mitchell The Donkey in Human History: An Archaeological Perspective (Oxford Univ. Press 2018).

2. Global donkey and mule populations: Figures and trends

3. Donkey Domestication

4. F. Marshall Rethinking Agriculture: Archeological and Ethnoarcheological Perspectives (Left Coast Press 2007).

5. S. Bokonyi “The animal remains of Maadi Egypt: A preliminary report” in Studi di paletnologia in onore di Salvatore M. Puglisi M. Liverani A. Palmieri R. Peroni Eds. (Università di Roma La Sapienza 1985) pp. 495–499.

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