More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia

Published:2023-10-06 Issue:6666 Volume:382 Page:103-109
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Peripato Vinicius¹^ORCID,Levis Carolina²^ORCID,Moreira Guido A.³^ORCID,Gamerman Dani⁴^ORCID,ter Steege Hans⁵⁶^ORCID,Pitman Nigel C. A.⁷^ORCID,de Souza Jonas G.⁸^ORCID,Iriarte José⁹^ORCID,Robinson Mark⁹^ORCID,Junqueira André Braga¹⁰^ORCID,Trindade Thiago B.¹¹,de Almeida Fernando O.¹²^ORCID,Moraes Claide de Paula¹³^ORCID,Lombardo Umberto¹⁴^ORCID,Tamanaha Eduardo K.¹⁵^ORCID,Maezumi Shira Y.¹⁶^ORCID,Ometto Jean P. H. B.¹^ORCID,Braga José R. G.¹^ORCID,Campanharo Wesley A.¹^ORCID,Cassol Henrique L. G.¹^ORCID,Leal Philipe R.¹^ORCID,de Assis Mauro L. R.¹,da Silva Adriana M.¹⁷,Phillips Oliver L.¹⁸^ORCID,Costa Flávia R. C.¹⁹^ORCID,Flores Bernardo Monteiro²^ORCID,Hoffman Bruce²⁰^ORCID,Henkel Terry W.²¹^ORCID,Umaña Maria Natalia²²^ORCID,Magnusson William E.¹⁹^ORCID,Valderrama Sandoval Elvis H.²³²⁴,Barlow Jos²⁵^ORCID,Milliken William²⁶^ORCID,Lopes Maria Aparecida²⁷,Simon Marcelo Fragomeni²⁸^ORCID,van Andel Tinde R.⁵²⁹^ORCID,Laurance Susan G. W.³⁰^ORCID,Laurance William F.³⁰^ORCID,Torres-Lezama Armando³¹,Assis Rafael L.³²^ORCID,Molino Jean-François³³^ORCID,Mestre Mickaël³⁴,Hamblin Michelle³⁵,Coelho Luiz de Souza³⁶^ORCID,Lima Filho Diogenes de Andrade³⁶^ORCID,Wittmann Florian³⁷³⁸^ORCID,Salomão Rafael P.³⁹⁴⁰^ORCID,Amaral Iêda Leão³⁶^ORCID,Guevara Juan Ernesto⁴¹^ORCID,de Almeida Matos Francisca Dionízia³⁶^ORCID,Castilho Carolina V.⁴²^ORCID,Carim Marcelo de Jesus Veiga⁴³^ORCID,Cárdenas López Dairon⁴⁴^ORCID,Sabatier Daniel³³^ORCID,Irume Mariana Victória³⁶^ORCID,Martins Maria Pires³⁶^ORCID,Guimarães José Renan da Silva⁴⁵^ORCID,Bánki Olaf S.⁵^ORCID,Piedade Maria Teresa Fernandez³⁸^ORCID,Ramos José Ferreira³⁶^ORCID,Luize Bruno Garcia⁴⁶^ORCID,Novo Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão¹^ORCID,Núñez Vargas Percy⁴⁷,Silva Thiago Sanna Freire⁴⁸^ORCID,Venticinque Eduardo Martins⁴⁹^ORCID,Manzatto Angelo Gilberto⁵⁰^ORCID,Reis Neidiane Farias Costa⁵¹^ORCID,Terborgh John³⁰⁵²^ORCID,Casula Katia Regina⁵¹,Demarchi Layon O.³⁸^ORCID,Honorio Coronado Euridice N.⁵³⁵⁴^ORCID,Monteagudo Mendoza Abel⁴⁷⁵⁵,Montero Juan Carlos³⁶⁵⁶,Schöngart Jochen³⁸^ORCID,Feldpausch Ted R.¹⁸⁵⁷^ORCID,Quaresma Adriano Costa³⁷³⁸^ORCID,Aymard C. Gerardo A.⁵⁸^ORCID,Baraloto Chris⁵⁹^ORCID,Castaño Arboleda Nicolás⁴⁴^ORCID,Engel Julien³³⁵⁹,Petronelli Pascal⁶⁰,Zartman Charles Eugene³⁶,Killeen Timothy J.⁶¹^ORCID,Marimon Beatriz S.⁶²^ORCID,Marimon-Junior Ben Hur⁶²,Schietti Juliana³⁶^ORCID,Sousa Thaiane R.⁶³^ORCID,Vasquez Rodolfo⁵⁵^ORCID,Rincón Lorena M.³⁶,Berenguer Erika²⁵⁶⁴^ORCID,Ferreira Joice⁶⁵^ORCID,Mostacedo Bonifacio⁶⁶^ORCID,do Amaral Dário Dantas⁴⁰^ORCID,Castellanos Hernán⁶⁷^ORCID,de Medeiros Marcelo Brilhante²⁸,Andrade Ana⁶⁸^ORCID,Camargo José Luís⁶⁸^ORCID,Farias Emanuelle de Sousa⁶⁹⁷⁰^ORCID,Magalhães José Leonardo Lima⁶⁵⁷¹^ORCID,Mendonça Nascimento Henrique Eduardo³⁶^ORCID,de Queiroz Helder Lima⁷²^ORCID,Brienen Roel¹⁸^ORCID,Cardenas Revilla Juan David³⁶^ORCID,Stevenson Pablo R.⁷³,Araujo-Murakami Alejandro⁷⁴^ORCID,Barçante Ladvocat Cintra Bruno⁷⁵^ORCID,Feitosa Yuri Oliveira⁷⁶^ORCID,Barbosa Flávia Rodrigues⁷⁷^ORCID,Carpanedo Rainiellen de Sá⁷⁷^ORCID,Duivenvoorden Joost F.⁷⁸^ORCID,de Noronha Janaína da Costa⁷⁷^ORCID,Rodrigues Domingos de Jesus⁷⁷^ORCID,Mogollón Hugo F.⁷⁹,Ferreira Leandro Valle⁴⁰^ORCID,Householder John Ethan³⁷^ORCID,Lozada José Rafael⁸⁰^ORCID,Comiskey James A.⁸¹⁸²^ORCID,Draper Freddie C.⁸³^ORCID,de Toledo José Julio⁸⁴^ORCID,Damasco Gabriel⁸⁵,Dávila Nállarett⁴⁶^ORCID,García-Villacorta Roosevelt⁸⁶⁸⁷^ORCID,Lopes Aline⁸⁸^ORCID,Cornejo Valverde Fernando⁸⁹^ORCID,Alonso Alfonso⁸²^ORCID,Dallmeier Francisco⁸²^ORCID,Gomes Vitor H. F.⁹⁰⁹¹^ORCID,Jimenez Eliana M.⁹²^ORCID,Neill David⁹³^ORCID,Peñuela Mora Maria Cristina⁹⁴^ORCID,de Aguiar Daniel P. P.⁹⁵⁹⁶^ORCID,Arroyo Luzmila⁷⁴,Antunes Carvalho Fernanda¹⁹⁹⁷^ORCID,Coelho de Souza Fernanda¹⁸¹⁹^ORCID,Feeley Kenneth J.⁹⁸⁹⁹^ORCID,Gribel Rogerio³⁶^ORCID,Pansonato Marcelo Petratti³⁶¹⁰⁰^ORCID,Ríos Paredes Marcos¹⁰¹^ORCID,Brasil da Silva Izaias¹⁰²^ORCID,Ferreira Maria Julia¹⁰³^ORCID,Fine Paul V. A.¹⁰⁴,Fonty Émile³³¹⁰⁵,Guedes Marcelino Carneiro¹⁰⁶^ORCID,Licona Juan Carlos⁵⁶,Pennington Toby⁵⁷¹⁰⁷^ORCID,Peres Carlos A.¹⁰⁸^ORCID,Villa Zegarra Boris Eduardo¹⁰⁹,Parada Germaine Alexander⁷⁴,Pardo Molina Guido¹¹⁰,Vos Vincent Antoine¹¹⁰^ORCID,Cerón Carlos¹¹¹^ORCID,Maas Paul⁵,Silveira Marcos¹¹²^ORCID,Stropp Juliana¹¹³^ORCID,Thomas Raquel¹¹⁴,Baker Tim R.¹⁸^ORCID,Daly Doug¹¹⁵^ORCID,Huamantupa-Chuquimaco Isau¹¹⁶^ORCID,Vieira Ima Célia Guimarães⁴⁰^ORCID,Weiss Albuquerque Bianca³⁸,Fuentes Alfredo¹¹⁷¹¹⁸^ORCID,Klitgaard Bente¹¹⁹^ORCID,Marcelo-Peña José Luis¹²⁰^ORCID,Silman Miles R.¹²¹,Tello J. Sebastián¹¹⁸^ORCID,Vriesendorp Corine⁷^ORCID,Chave Jerome¹²²^ORCID,Di Fiore Anthony¹²³¹²⁴^ORCID,Hilário Renato Richard⁸⁴^ORCID,Phillips Juan Fernando¹²⁵,Rivas-Torres Gonzalo¹²⁴¹²⁶^ORCID,von Hildebrand Patricio¹²⁷^ORCID,Pereira Luciana de Oliveira⁵⁷,Barbosa Edelcilio Marques³⁶^ORCID,de Matos Bonates Luiz Carlos³⁶^ORCID,Doza Hilda Paulette Dávila¹⁰¹,Zárate Gómez Ricardo¹²⁸^ORCID,Gallardo Gonzales George Pepe¹⁰¹,Gonzales Therany¹²⁹^ORCID,Malhi Yadvinder¹³⁰^ORCID,de Andrade Miranda Ires Paula³⁶^ORCID,Mozombite Pinto Linder Felipe¹⁰¹^ORCID,Prieto Adriana¹³¹,Rudas Agustín¹³¹^ORCID,Ruschel Ademir R.⁶⁵^ORCID,Silva Natalino¹³²^ORCID,Vela César I. A.¹³³^ORCID,Zent Egleé L.¹³⁴^ORCID,Zent Stanford¹³⁴^ORCID,Cano Angela⁷³¹³⁵^ORCID,Carrero Márquez Yrma Andreina¹³⁶^ORCID,Correa Diego F.⁷³¹³⁷^ORCID,Costa Janaina Barbosa Pedrosa¹⁰⁶^ORCID,Galbraith David¹⁸^ORCID,Holmgren Milena¹³⁸^ORCID,Kalamandeen Michelle¹³⁹^ORCID,Lobo Guilherme³⁸^ORCID,Nascimento Marcelo Trindade¹⁴⁰^ORCID,Oliveira Alexandre A.¹⁰⁰^ORCID,Ramirez-Angulo Hirma³¹,Rocha Maira³⁸^ORCID,Scudeller Veridiana Vizoni¹⁴¹^ORCID,Sierra Rodrigo¹⁴²,Tirado Milton¹⁴²^ORCID,van der Heijden Geertje¹⁴³^ORCID,Vilanova Torre Emilio³¹¹⁴⁴^ORCID,Ahuite Reategui Manuel Augusto¹⁴⁵,Baider Cláudia¹⁰⁰¹⁴⁶^ORCID,Balslev Henrik¹⁴⁷^ORCID,Cárdenas Sasha⁷³,Casas Luisa Fernanda⁷³^ORCID,Farfan-Rios William⁴⁷¹¹⁸¹⁴⁸^ORCID,Ferreira Cid³⁶,Linares-Palomino Reynaldo⁸²^ORCID,Mendoza Casimiro¹⁴⁹¹⁵⁰,Mesones Italo¹⁰⁴,Urrego Giraldo Ligia Estela¹⁵¹,Villarroel Daniel⁷⁴¹⁵²^ORCID,Zagt Roderick¹⁵³^ORCID,Alexiades Miguel N.¹⁵⁴^ORCID,de Oliveira Edmar Almeida⁶²^ORCID,Garcia-Cabrera Karina¹²¹,Hernandez Lionel⁶⁷,Palacios Cuenca Walter¹⁵⁵^ORCID,Pansini Susamar⁵¹^ORCID,Pauletto Daniela¹⁵⁶^ORCID,Ramirez Arevalo Fredy²⁴^ORCID,Sampaio Adeilza Felipe⁵¹^ORCID,Valenzuela Gamarra Luis⁵⁵^ORCID,Aragão Luiz E. O. C.¹⁵⁷^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Division of Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, General Coordination of Earth Sciences, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.

2. Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.

3. Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.

4. Departamento de Métodos Estatísticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

5. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.

6. Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.

7. Science and Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA.

8. Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.

9. Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

10. Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

11. Instituto do Património Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN), Centro Nacional de Arqueologia (CNA), Brasília, DF, Brazil.

12. Departamento de Arqueologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Laranjeiras, SE, Brazil.

13. Programa de Antropologia e Arqueologia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA, Brazil.

14. Geographisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

15. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, AM, Brazil.

16. Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany.

17. Postgraduate Program in Geography, Institute of Geography, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.

18. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

19. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

20. Amazon Conservation Team, Arlington, VA, USA.

21. Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA.

22. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

23. Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA.

24. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

25. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK.

26. Department for Ecosystem Stewardship, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, UK.

27. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil.

28. Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.

29. Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.

30. Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.

31. Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.

32. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, Brazil.

33. AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

34. Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Bègles, France.

35. Direction des Affaires Culturelles (DAC Guyane), Cayenne, French Guiana.

36. Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

37. Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany.

38. Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

39. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas e Botânica Tropical, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brazil.

40. Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil.

41. Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri, Quito, Ecuador.

42. Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil.

43. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá (IEPA), Macapá, AP, Brazil.

44. Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas (SINCHI), Bogotá, DC, Colombia.

45. Amcel Amapá Florestal e Celulose S.A, Santana, AP, Brazil.

46. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.

47. Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Cusco, Peru.

48. Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.

49. Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.

50. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.

51. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.

52. Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

53. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

54. School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.

55. Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.

56. Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

57. Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

58. Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela.

59. International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.

60. Paracou research station, UMR EcoFoG Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana.

61. Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

62. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.

63. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

64. Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK.

65. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA, Brazil.

66. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

67. Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.

68. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

69. Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (Fiocruz Amazônia), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

70. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

71. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil.

72. Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, AM, Brazil.

73. Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.

74. Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

75. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

76. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

77. Institute of Natural, Human, and Social Sciences (ICNHS), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil.

78. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

79. Endangered Species Coalition, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

80. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.

81. Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA.

82. Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.

83. Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

84. Departamento de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil.

85. Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

86. Programa Restauración de Ecosistemas (PRE), Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica (CINCIA), Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru.

87. Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

88. Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil.

89. Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru.

90. Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.

91. Environmental Science Program, Geosciences Department, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil.

92. Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.

93. Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador.

94. Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.

95. Procuradoria-Geral de Justiça, Ministério Público do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

96. Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

97. Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

98. Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.

99. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA.

100. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

101. Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

102. Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology Bionorte, Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.

103. Postgraduate Program in Ethnobiology and Nature Conservation, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Pernambuco, PB, Brazil.

104. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

105. Direction régionale de la Guyane, Office national des forêts, Cayenne, French Guiana.

106. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil.

107. Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

108. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.

109. Direccíon de Evaluación Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, Magdalena del Mar, Lima, Peru.

110. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.

111. Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

112. Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.

113. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.

114. Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana.

115. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.

116. Herbario HAG, Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios (UNAMAD), Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.

117. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia.

118. Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA.

119. Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, UK.

120. Departamento Académico de Ingenieria Forestal y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Jaén, Jaén, Cajamarca, Peru.

121. Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA.

122. Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier CNRS UMR 5174 EDB, Toulouse, France.

123. Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.

124. Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

125. Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.

126. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

127. Fundación Estación de Biología, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.

128. PROTERRA, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

129. ACEER Foundation, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.

130. Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, England, UK.

131. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.

132. Instituto de Ciência Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brazil.

133. Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.

134. Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, DC, Venezuela.

135. Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.

136. Programa de Maestria de Manejo de Bosques, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.

137. Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

138. Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, Netherlands.

139. School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

140. Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.

141. Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

142. GeoIS, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

143. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.

144. Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), New York, NY, USA.

145. Medio Ambiente, PLUSPRETOL, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

146. The Mauritius Herbarium, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, Reduit, Mauritius.

147. Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.

148. Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.

149. Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

150. FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

151. Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.

152. Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

153. Tropenbos International, Ede, Netherlands.

154. School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.

155. Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

156. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (FOPROP), Campus Tapajós, Santarém, PA, Brazil.

Abstract

Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Link

https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.ade2541

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