Effect of β-Carotene Supplementation on the Risk of Pneumonia Is Heterogeneous in Males: Effect Modification by Cigarette Smoking
Author:
Affiliation:
1. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki
Publisher
Center for Academic Publications Japan
Subject
Nutrition and Dietetics,Medicine (miscellaneous)
Link
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv/64/5/64_374/_pdf
Reference37 articles.
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2. 2) Hughes DA. 1999. Effects of carotenoids on human immune function. Proc Nutr Soc 58(1): 713-718.
3. 3) van der Horst-Graat JM, Kok FJ, Schouten EG. 2004. Plasma carotenoid concentrations in relation to acute respiratory infections in elderly people. Br J Nutr 92(1): 113-118.
4. 4) Hemilä H. 2010. The effect of β-carotene on common cold incidence is modified by age and smoking: evidence against a uniform effect in a nutrient-disease relationship. Nutr Diet Suppl 2: 117-124.
5. 5) Hemilä H, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Kaprio J. 2004. Vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers. Chest 125(2): 557-565.
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3. Vitamin E and Mortality in Male Smokers of the ATBC Study: Implications for Nutritional Recommendations;Frontiers in Nutrition;2020-03-31
4. The effect of β-carotene on the mortality of male smokers is modified by smoking and by vitamins C and E: evidence against a uniform effect of nutrient;Journal of Nutritional Science;2020
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