1. Department of Computer Science, University of Yaounde I, UMI 209, UMMISCO, P.O. Box 337, Yaounde, Cameroon
2. Institut de la Francophonie pour l’Informatique, UMI 209, UMMISCO, Hanoi, Vietnam, IRD, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, Vietnam
3. Department of Technology, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050-1500, USA
4. GEMI, UMR CNRS-IRD 2724, Centre IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 Paris, France