Biosensors for therapeutic drug monitoring: a review

Abstract

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a crucial and essential step for patient care when an accurate medication dosage is necessary. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and immunoassays are commonly used methods for TDM, but they are expensive and incapable of real-time monitoring. Biosensor technology is believed to have the potential to perform TDM effectively. Biosensors are flexible and can be tailored to individual patient needs. This article reviews the development of biosensors for TDM, including the types of biosensors that have been fabricated and the drugs they have successfully monitored. Biosensor technology is expected to have a bright future, particularly for real-time monitoring and integration with internet of things (IoT) systems.