Dispersion has a large effect (Cohen's d) on crop yield in crop residue application

Abstract

Background: Crop residue application can maintain soil fertility and sustain agriculture. However, the effects of residue application are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Residue application often reduces crop yields. I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residual effects. Methods: Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residual effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulation) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s power analysis. Results: The dispersion showed the largest effect (p = 0.045, Cohen’s d = 1.2), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (p = 0.223, Cohen’s d = 0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect on corn yield (p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 4.9). Discussion: The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. The toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion: The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture.