Physical Activity, Psychopathologies, and Self-Injurious Behaviors in Youths: Which Type and How Much Is Sufficient?

Abstract

Abstract Background To investigate the protective effects of various exercise types against psychopathologies, including depression, anxiety, and non-suicidal selfinjury (NSSI), and to understand the dose-response relationship between exercise frequency and duration on these outcomes. Methods The study evaluated mental health outcomes using various scales and diagnoses. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between exercise types and psychopathologies, as well as self-injurious behaviors. Additionally, generalized additive models (GAM) were employed to explore the dose-response relationship between physical activity frequency and duration, and mental health outcomes, while controlling for sociodemographic factors. Results Team ball exercise provided the most protection, followed by single anaerobic exercise, double swing exercise, single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and single low-intensity aerobic exercise. Nonlinear associations were found between exercise frequency, duration, and mental health outcomes. Exercising three to four times a week for 90-120 minutes led to a lower probability of developing mental health disorders, while excessive exercise worsened outcomes. Conclusion Participation in different types of exercise has varied effects on psychopathologies, as well as self-injurious behaviors, with team ball sports having the most positive impact. Optimal exercise intensity varies between exercise types; individuals should choose exercises that suit their mental health needs.