Abstract
For successful farming, it's important to know the positive and negative effects of exposing spring wheat to vernalization on plant growth, stress responses, and yield potential. The primary objectives of this research are to demonstrate how vernalization influences spring wheat development and to identify how vernalization interacts with heat stress tolerance. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to examine the grain yield, crop growth, and gas exchanges of spring wheat in response to vernalization, heat stress, and their interaction in order to assess the impact of these factors on wheat. Vernalization significantly decreased grain yield of spring wheat. Under non-vernalization conditions, heat stress after flowering produced a decrease in yield of approximately 80 percent. The average yields of wheat genotypes under heat stress conditions were 83% higher in vernalized plants than in non-vernalized plants. The grain yield of spring wheat genotypes was strongly related final spike weight and yield and grain filling rate all vernalizaition and heat stress combination conditions. In non-vernalization conditions, heat stress during grain filling reduced all gas exchange parameters, although the effect varies depending on the cultivar. Both under normal and heat-stressed conditions, vernalization led to a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic rate. According to the study's findings, it would be advisable to avoid early sowing because vernalization can reduce the yield potential of spring wheat. Vernalization seems to make plants more tolerant of high temperatures by reducing the weight of the plant's vegetative organs and increasing the weight of its generative organs.