Minimal Short-Term Decline in Functional Performance and Quality of Life Predicts Better Long-Term Outcomes for Both in Older Taiwanese Adults After Hip Fracture Surgery: A Prospective Study

Abstract

Abstract Background Hip fracture can lead to long-term loss of mobility and self-care ability in older adults. Despite initial decreases in functional performance after hip fracture surgery, patients tend to gradually recover. However, recovery can vary, with some regaining their abilities quickly while others becoming functionally dependent. In this study, we investigated whether the level of short-term postoperative decline in activity of daily living (ADL) performance and quality of life (QoL) can predict the 1-year outcomes for both following hip fracture surgery in older Taiwanese adults. Methods This prospective cohort study included 427 older adults (≥ 60 years) who underwent hip fracture surgery at a single tertiary medical center in Taiwan between November 2017 and March 2021. We collected pre-fracture data, including the patients’ demographics, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) scores, and responses to a questionnaire (Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire [SPMSQ]) for dementia screening. Moreover, their scores on the EuroQol-5D questionnaire (for evaluating QoL) and Barthel Index (for assessing ADL performance) were collected at pre-fracture status and 3 and 12 months after surgery. Changes in ADL and QoL three months post-surgery compared to pre-fracture status were evaluated, and the associations of these parameters (and other potential factors) with 1-year outcomes for ADL and QoL were investigated. Results We analyzed the data of 318 patients with hip fracture and complete follow-up data regarding ADL performance and QoL 3 and 12 months after surgery. After adjusting for covariates, multivariate logistic regression revealed that changes in ADL and QoL 3 months post-surgery from pre-fracture status were positively and significantly correlated with 1-year outcomes for both (p < .001 for both). Furthermore, pre-fracture CCI and SPMSQ scores were independent predictive factors associated with 1-year ADL outcomes (p = .042 and < .001, respectively). Conclusions Patients who exhibit a smaller decline in functional performance and quality of life three months after hip fracture surgery from pre-fracture status are likely to have improved long-term ADL and QoL. Our results provide valuable clinical insights for future research aimed at enhancing ADL and QoL in older patients after hip fracture surgery by advocating for early postoperative interventions. Trial registration: TMU-JIRB N201709053