Abstract
Background
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of treated wastewater effluent on the Wupa River's water quality. Specific objectives included assessing water quality changes before and after effluent disposal, evaluating existing water quality indices, developing a parametric water quality index, identifying affected parameters and locations, and providing insights into treated sewage reuse and water scarcity. Traditional water quality indices were noted for their limitations, such as data reliability and insensitivity to fluctuations.
Methods
A mixed-methods approach was employed during the rainy season's peak mixing period (June-August). The study identified influent entry points, effluent discharge, and sampling locations, including upstream and downstream sites. Samples were collected and analyzed for parameters like appearance, pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, total coliforms counts, and fecal coliforms counts. Statistical analyses, including normalization, ANOVA, and t-tests, were used to assess differences in water quality across sampling stations.
Results
The results indicated significant variations in water quality parameters across different sampling locations and times, with treated effluent impacting the river's water quality. Treated sewage discharge influenced water quality, with changes observed in turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity, and coliforms counts. Elevated coliforms counts and variations in pH, turbidity, and temperature were found, raising concerns about potential waterborne diseases, disruptions in water treatment processes, and overall water safety.
Conclusion
The study concluded that the parametric water quality index effectively assessed treated wastewater's impact. It emphasized the need for continuous monitoring and effective sewage treatment to protect public health and the environment. High turbidity levels can shield pathogens, while extreme pH and temperature changes can affect pathogen growth, posing health risks to communities.