Association of Physical Activity and Vitamin D Deficiency with Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Population Based Cross-sectional Analysis from NHANES 2011-14

Abstract

Abstract Objectives The global aging situation is becoming increasingly critical and cognitive impairment in the elderly has become a public health burden of concern. Physical activity (PA) and vitamin D may play a key role in improving cognitive impairment. However, little studies have examined the interaction between these two. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of PA and vitamin D with cognitive impairment in older adults, as well as the interactions of PA and vitamin D. Materials and Methods This study was conducted by multi-stage random sampling of elderly people ≥ 60 years old, and a total sample of 2492 (1207 males and 1285 females, mean age of 69.41 ± 6.75 years) with complete data was included in the analysis. PA was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, and < 600 MET-min/wk was used as the division criteria. Serum vitamin D was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2/D3 concentration < 20 ng/ml was used as a vitamin D deficiency criterion. Cognitive function was assessed by three subtests: the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease word learning test (CERAD-WL) for immediate and delayed learning, the Animal Fluency Test (AFT) for verbal fluency; and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DDST) for information processing speed and switching attention. All three subtests were scored at less than the lowest quartile of the score as a criterion for cognitive impairment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for chi-square test, rank sum test, interaction analysis, subgroup analysis and regression analysis. Results Lower level of PA is associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment. (CERAD W-L: OR = 1.596, 95% CI: 1.338–1.905, P < 0.001; AFT: OR = 1.833, 95% CI: 1.534–2.190, P < 0.001; DDST: OR = 1.936, 95% CI: 1.609–2.329, P < 0.001). Vitamin D deficiency has significant effects in AFT (OR = 1.322, 95% CI: 1.103–1.584, P = 0.003) and DDST (OR = 1.619, 95% CI: 1.345–1.948, P < 0.001). After adjusted for covariates, PA and vitamin D have multiplicative interaction on AFT (OR = 0.662, 95% CI: 0.448–0.977, P = 0.038) and DDST (OR = 0.775, 95% CI: 0.363–0.868, P = 0.009). The interaction between PA and vitamin D was not significant in the CERAD W-L (OR = 0.757, 95% CI: 0.508–1.128, P = 0.172). Conclusions The results showed that lower level of PA and vitamin D deficiency were associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment in the elderly population and that there was a multiplicative interaction between PA and vitamin D on cognitive function, with a significant effect of vitamin D on cognitive impairment in high PA conditions.