Diversity and abundance of culturable endophytes in leaves of susceptible and resistant alternate hosts of Cronartium pini and C. ribicola

Abstract

Abstract Cronartium pini and C. ribicola are rust fungi that cause destructive diseases of pines (Pinus spp.). These rusts spread via alternate hosts among which Melampyrum spp., Veronica spp. and Impatiens spp. are important for C. pini and Ribes spp. for C. ribicola. Congeneric alternate hosts vary in their susceptibility to Cronartium rusts but the reasons for this variation are not clear. To clarify whether internal, endophytic fungi could explain these differences, we investigated the temporal and spatial variation in endophyte composition of C. pini -resistant M. pratense, V. chamaedrys and I. glandulifera, C. pini -susceptible M. sylvaticum, V. longifolia and I. balsamina, C. ribicola -resistant R. rubrum and C. ribicola -susceptible R. nigrum. In total, 2695 endophytic isolates were obtained and classified into 37 morphotypes, with 1373 cultures isolated in early summer and 1322 in late summer. Fifty-two isolates were identified by species or genus level. The most common morphotypes were identified as Heterophoma sp. Some variation in the abundance of morphotypes occurred among collection sites, but the same morphotypes dominated across the sites and species. The diversity of morphotypes was higher in early September than in late June in all species and the same morphotypes dominated in both early and late season. The diversity of endophytes was higher in resistant Veronica and Ribes compared to susceptible congeneric species, but the results suggest that the diversity or abundance of culturable endophytes does not explain the differences in the congeneric species’ susceptibility to rust fungi.