Suicide rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta- analysis

Abstract

AbstractPurpose The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are well-documented in the literature, but its influence on suicidal patterns shows divergent results. We aim to comprehensively synthesize evidence on potential changes or stability of suicide rates during the Covid-19 pandemic worldwide. Methods A comprehensive search of studies reporting suicide rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted. Eligible studies reported incidences of confirmed suicides (suspected in special cases) for two time periods, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A meta-analysis of proportions using a random-effect model was performed to estimate the pre and during pandemic incidence rates of suicide with 95% confidence intervals. Differences in pre and during pandemic rates were formally tested using a heterogeneity test. Results A total of 34 studies were included in the review capturing suicide data from over 40 countries and regions. The meta-analysis outputs did not indicate a significant change in suicide rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pooled suicide rate in the studied period before the pandemic was 11.38 (95% CI 9.35–13.42) and in the period during the pandemic was 10.65 (95% CI 8.61–12.68). Conclusion No significant change in suicide rates was observed during the COVID pandemic from a global perspective for the periods examined. A longer follow-up can provide additional insights into such suicide trends globally. Improvements in data reporting, specifically with implementation of real-time surveillance, is imperative to provide adequate suicide prevention and support.